SDL: Development of the skeleton Flashcards
What is the extracellular matrix?
Large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body
How is the skeletal system organised?
Skeletal system is highly specialised connective tissue system
Comprised or paucicellular matrix together with cells that manufacture the matrix
Consists of bones, cartilage, joints + ligaments
What is the skeleton divided into?
Axial- vertebrae, ribs, pelvic bones and ribs
Appendicular- upper and lower limb
What are the most common types of bones
- Long (humerus, femur) and flat (sternum, ribs, pelvic bones)
What is long bone divided into?
- Epiphysis
- Metaphayses
- Diaphysis
What is the epiphysis?
How do they initially grow?
End part of long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
What is the metaphyses?
Neck portion of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis. Contains growth plate, part of bone that grows during childhood, as it grows it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses (there are 2 epiphyses on long bones, one at each end of the bone
What is the diaphysis?
What is it comprised of?
Shaft, central part of long bone, long tubular structure in all long bones, comprised of medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow and blood vessels
What is bone comprised of?
- Mineralised bone matrix and bone cell
- Over 90% of bone is comprised of matrix, most abdundantly type I collagen with other non-collagenous proteins.
- Unmineralised bone matrix called osteoid
What are the functions of bone?
- Provide structural support (e.g. axial skeleton)
- Protect vital organs (e.g. skull, ribs)
- Enable movement (long bones of upper and lower limbs)
- Store calcium and participate in calcium homeostasis
What are the types of bone?
- Cortical
- Cancellous
Where is cortical bone found?
Lies in outer position of long bones + vertebrae
What is cortical bone composed of?
Long parallel columns called osteons
What are osteons made of?
Concentric rings of bone, lamellae, surrounding a central Haversian canal containing blood and lymphatic vessels
What bone cells are buried within bone and what do they lie within?
Osteocytes, which lie within lacunae
What are osteocytes differentiated from?
How do they connect to other osteocytes?
Osteoblasts, and they have a cell body and cell processes that connect with other osteocytes
Where are the cell processes?
In canaliculi
What is cortical bone covered by?
What does this consists of?
Periosteum, this consists of fibrous connective tissue
What is the medullary cavity and what is it composed of?
Centre of bones, composed of cancellous bone, with intervening marrow
What is cancellous bone comprised of?
Network of bony plates or struts called trabeculae
What are trabeculae?
What do they connect with?
Thin columns and plates of bones that create a spongy structure
These connect with each other and to the endosteum of cortical bone
In adults, what is the space between trabeculae filled with?
Haemopoetic bone marrow or adipose tissue (fat)
How is cancellous bone different from compact (cortical) bone?
This type of bone is lighter and less dense than cortical bone, and has irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow