Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
Define the MSK system
A human body system that provides the body with movement, stability, shape and support
What does the muscular system contain?
Muscles- help generate force
Tendons- help transmit the force to bones
What does the skeletal system contain?
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
All of these combine to form joints
Define bone tissue
Hard, dense connective tissue, forms most of adult skeleton
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support/ posture
- Movement
- Protection
- Hematopoiesis
- Storage
How does the skeletal system allow movement?
Bones provide surfaces for muscles to attach, bones form joints, muscles able to pull on them, causing movement
How does the skeletal system provide protection?
Bones are very strong, and therefore prevent damage to underlying viscera by significant force. For example, cranium protects brain, ribs protect heart and lungs
How does the skeletal system allow hematopoiesis?
Produce blood cells due to certain bones containing red bone marrow, which produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Some bones that have red bone marrow include: femur, pelvis, sternum
How does the skeletal system provide storage?
Bone tissue acts as reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorous. These can be released when needed, so calcium released for nerve transmission, muscle contraction etc.
Bones also store and release fat from yellow bone marrow that is present.
Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat, and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of head and trunk
How is the axial skeleton split up?
-Skull - neurocranium and viscerocranium
- Ossicles (inner ear)
- Thorax (ribs and sternum)
- Vertebral column
How is the vertebral column split?
- Cervical vertebrae (7)
- Thoracic vertebrae (12)
- Lumbar vertebrae (5 fused)
- Sacral (5 fused)
- Coccyx (4 fused)
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limb girdles and limbs
What are the bones of the limb girdles and limbs split into?
- Upper limb
- Lower limb
What is the upper limb composed of?
- Shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula
- Arm- humerus
- Forearm- radius and ulna
- Wrist- carpals
- Hand- metacarpals and phalanges
What is the lower limb composed of?
- Pelvic girdle- ilium, ischium, pubis (these make up the hip bone)
- Thigh- femur and patella
- Leg - tibia (thicker bone)
- Ankle - tarsals
- Foot- metatarsals and phalanges
What are the 5 groups bones can be classified into? Describe the groups
- Flat - Protect vital organs
- Long- Cylindrical, longer than they are wide, facilitate movement
- Short- Cube-like. Length, width and height are similar, provide stability
- Irregular- Provide protection and movement, have no distinctive shape
- Sesamoid- Small round bones within tendons, protect tendons from excessive forces and allow leverage for effective muscle function
Define joints
Connection between 2 bones in body.
Every bone, bar hyoid bone in neck, is connected to at least one other bone
How can joints be classified?
By type of tissue
By degree of movement
What are the 3 categories by which joints are classified by type of tissue?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Describe a fibrous joint
Bones connected by fibrous tissue, results in strength and stability, but very little movement, if any at all
What can fibrous joints be further divided into?
- Sutures
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
Describe suture joints
Synarthrosis joint,- means immovable joints. Only found between bones of skull
Describe Gomphosis joints
Synarthosis joint, immovable. Joint involves anchoring of root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxilla or mandible, numerous short bands of dense connective tissue called periodontal ligaments which can aid in anchoring
Describe Syndesmosis joints
Amphiarthroses,- means slightly movable. Joints involve 2 parallel bones joined to each other by fibrous connective tissue called interosseous membrane e.g. radius and ulna joined together by interosseous membrane
Describe a cartilaginous joint
Bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage