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Introduction to medicine (Year 1) > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Define the MSK system

A

A human body system that provides the body with movement, stability, shape and support

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2
Q

What does the muscular system contain?

A

Muscles- help generate force

Tendons- help transmit the force to bones

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3
Q

What does the skeletal system contain?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments

All of these combine to form joints

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4
Q

Define bone tissue

A

Hard, dense connective tissue, forms most of adult skeleton

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5
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support/ posture
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Storage
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6
Q

How does the skeletal system allow movement?

A

Bones provide surfaces for muscles to attach, bones form joints, muscles able to pull on them, causing movement

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7
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

Bones are very strong, and therefore prevent damage to underlying viscera by significant force. For example, cranium protects brain, ribs protect heart and lungs

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8
Q

How does the skeletal system allow hematopoiesis?

Name some bones that are able to do this

A

Produce blood cells due to certain bones containing red bone marrow, which produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Some bones that have red bone marrow include: femur, pelvis, sternum

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9
Q

How does the skeletal system provide storage?

A

Bone tissue acts as reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorous. These can be released when needed, so calcium released for nerve transmission, muscle contraction etc.

Bones also store and release fat from yellow bone marrow that is present.

Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat, and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone

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10
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of head and trunk

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11
Q

How is the axial skeleton split up?

A

-Skull - neurocranium and viscerocranium
- Ossicles (inner ear)
- Thorax (ribs and sternum)
- Vertebral column

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12
Q

How is the vertebral column split?

A
  • Cervical vertebrae (7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)
  • Lumbar vertebrae (5 fused)
  • Sacral (5 fused)
  • Coccyx (4 fused)
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13
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limb girdles and limbs

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14
Q

What are the bones of the limb girdles and limbs split into?

A
  • Upper limb
  • Lower limb
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15
Q

What is the upper limb composed of?

Name the limbs and bones

A
  • Shoulder girdle - clavicle and scapula
  • Arm- humerus
  • Forearm- radius and ulna
  • Wrist- carpals
  • Hand- metacarpals and phalanges
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16
Q

What is the lower limb composed of?

What does each compartment contain?

A
  • Pelvic girdle- ilium, ischium, pubis (these make up the hip bone)
  • Thigh- femur and patella
  • Leg - tibia (thicker bone), fibula
  • Ankle - tarsals
  • Foot- metatarsals and phalanges
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17
Q

What are the 5 groups bones can be classified into? Describe the groups

A
  • Flat - Protect vital organs
  • Long- Cylindrical, longer than they are wide, facilitate movement
  • Short- Cube-like. Length, width and height are similar, provide stability
  • Irregular- Provide protection and movement, have no distinctive shape
  • Sesamoid- Small round bones within tendons, protect tendons from excessive forces and allow leverage for effective muscle function
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18
Q

Define joints

A

Connection between 2 bones in body.

Every bone, bar hyoid bone in neck, is connected to at least one other bone

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19
Q

How can joints be classified?

A

By type of tissue
By degree of movement

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20
Q

What are the 3 categories by which joints are classified by type of tissue?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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21
Q

Describe a fibrous joint

A

Bones connected by fibrous tissue, results in strength and stability, but very little movement, if any at all

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22
Q

What can fibrous joints be further divided into?

A
  • Sutures
  • Gomphosis
  • Syndesmosis
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23
Q

Describe suture joints

A

Synarthrosis joint,- means immovable joints. Only found between bones of skull

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24
Q

Describe Gomphosis joints

A

Synarthosis joint, immovable. Joint involves anchoring of root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxilla or mandible, numerous short bands of dense connective tissue called periodontal ligaments which can aid in anchoring

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25
Q

Describe Syndesmosis joints

A

Amphiarthroses,- means slightly movable. Joints involve 2 parallel bones joined to each other by fibrous connective tissue called interosseous membrane e.g. radius and ulna joined together by interosseous membrane

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26
Q

Describe a cartilaginous joint

A

Bones connected by hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage

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27
Q

Describe the 2 divisions that cartilaginous bones can be further divided into

A
  • Synchondroses (primary cartilaginous)- Bones joined together by hyaline cartilage, synarthrosis joint, therefore immovable, example includes epiphyseal plates (growth plates)
  • Symphyses ( secondary cartilaginous)- Bones joined by fibrocartilage, amphiarthrosis, therefore slightly movable, example is intervertebral discs that unite adjacent vertebrae
28
Q

Describe a synovial joint

A

Involve articulating surfaces surrounded by a joint cavity filled with a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid. Defining features are joint cavity, synovial fluid and articular (hyaline) cartilage

29
Q

How can synovial joints be further divided?

A
  • Plane joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Condylar joint
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Pivot joint
30
Q

Describe plane joint

A

Bones are flat or slightly curved, allows bones to slide over each other, this is found in carpals of hand

31
Q

Describe Hinge joint

A

Involve a convex and a concave surface, articulating together that allow movement in a single axis. For example, the elbow joint allows on flexion and extension

32
Q

Describe condylar joint

A

Has a shallow depression and an oval rounded articulating surface, cannot rotate but can flex, extend, abduct and adduct and slightly circumduct, example is radiocarpul joint of wrist

33
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint

A

Have greatest range of movement, and involved rounded end of one bone (or the ball) articulating with the concave socket of another bone. Only 2 ball and socket joints in body, which are the knee joint and should joint. these are multiaxial joints allowing lots of movement, allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.

34
Q

Describe saddle joint

A

Both articulating surfaces are saddle shaped, meaning they’re concave in one direction and convex in the other, allows them to be bi-axial joints, allowing movement in two planes. Example is joint at base of thumb, the first carpo metacarpal joint

35
Q

Describe pivot joint

What is it usually held in place by?

A

Rotate around a single axis, usually held in place by ligaments, e.g proximal radioulna joint allows for pronation and supanation of radius over ulna

36
Q

What are the 3 main functions of cartilage?

A

Has 3 main functions:
- Support/posture
- Articular surfaces- provides smooth surface for bones to join with each other
- Template for skeleton- hyaline cartilage is precursor to bone in utero, and osscifies to form foetal skeleton, and is present in growth plates

37
Q

Describe the 3 types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage- Most common form, weakest form, can be precursor for bone formation, also found at articulating surface of bones, termed articular cartilage e.g. head of femur. This articular cartilage has a slightly different structure and organisation than that of epiphyseal growth plates.
  • Fibrocartilage- Strongest form of cartilage, found in areas that need to withstand lots of force such as joint capsules, tendon insertions and intervertebral discs, usually attached to hyaline cartilage, tendons or ligaments
    -Elastic cartilage- Abundance of elastic fibre, flexible, resilient, found in commonly deformed structures such as outer ear or larynx.
38
Q

What do articulation ligaments do?

A
  • Connect bones to bones
39
Q

What are the 3 main functions of articulation ligaments?

A
  • Dense connective tissue so stabilise joints and limit movement
  • Increase muscle attachment area
  • Hold tendons down during movement, preventing them from bowing out .(Bowed tendon refers to swelling in the superficial or deep digital flexor tendon)
40
Q

Describe the 3 types of articulation ligaments

A
  • Capsular- form part of joint capsule e.g. hip capsule. They reinforce the strength of the articular capsule
  • Extracapsular- Outside of the joint capsule, these hold the bones in place and provide stability
  • Intracapsular- Within joint capsule- provide stability but permit a far larger range of motion than extracapsular ligaments
41
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

A dense fibrous connective tissue that is attached to the bones via specialised attachment zones at the end of each involved bone.

42
Q

What do peritoneal ligaments do?

A
  • Connect viscera (organs) to viscera OR connect viscera to the abdominal wall
43
Q

What do periodontal ligaments do?

A

Connect teeth to alveolar bone

44
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • Also called striated (due to long thin parallel streaks)
  • Most abundant muscle tissue in body
  • Attaches to bone
  • Voluntary movement- we can usually choose to contract them
  • Rapid contraction- allows us to exert force and move quickly
  • Fast twitch- Contracts quickly but for a short duration. Anaerobic, less blood supply, mitochondria and myoglobin. Used for explosive forces such as jumping or sprinting
  • Slow twitch- Contracts slower, but for longer durations, aerobic, richer blood supply, more mitochondria and myoglobin. These are needed for maintaining posture, running long distances
45
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • Forms contractile components of digestive, urinary, reproductive systems as well as airways and arteries
  • No striations, instead spindle shaped (wide in middle, tapers at both ends) with a single nucleus per cell
  • Involuntary control
  • Slow contraction
46
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • Only in heart
  • Striated, but has a single nucleus per cell
  • Has specialised cell junctions called intercalated discs, allows cells to synchronise actions
  • Involuntary movement, contract myogenically iva stimulation of SAN and AVN.
47
Q

How can muscles be classified?

A
  • Microstructure (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
  • Orientation of muscles fibres
48
Q

Describe the types of ways muscle fibres can be orientated

A
  • Circular muscles- striated muscles where fascicles (a group of bundled muscle fibres) are arranged in concentric rings e.g. orbicularis oris, muscle surrounding mouth
  • Parallel muscles- long, thin muscles that don’t have much strength e.g. sartorius muscle, runs down thigh to knee. Fascicles run down long axis of muscle. Can be divided into 2 groups:
    –> Fusiform- spindle shaped (extended belly and narrow origins e.g. biceps)
    –> Non-fusiform- narrow belt-like muscles e.g. sartorius muscles
    -Convergent- muscle has a widespread expansion over a sizeable area and the fascicles come to a single, common attachment point
    -Pennate- resembles shape of a feather, muscle fibres approaching a central tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle at an oblique angle, maximises muscle’s force potential. Can be divided into 3 groups:
    –> Unipennate- fascicles insert from only one side of tendon
    –> Bipennate- fascicles insert from opposite sides of tendon
    –> Multipenate- lots of central tendons, fascicles on either side all converting onto large tendon E.g. deltoid muscle of shoulder
49
Q

What is fascia?

A

Thin connective tissue, surrounds muscles, organs, blood vessels, nerves, provides structure + support throughout body AND provides smooth surface for structures (muscles, joints, organs) to slide against each other without creating friction or tears

50
Q

What is a muscle compartment?

A

Groupings of muscle, nerves and blood vessels in upper and lower limbs

Usually muscles within same compartment supplied by same nerves and arteries/blood vessels and the muscles usually have a similar function

51
Q

What are muscles and nerves wrapped in?

A

Deep fascia

52
Q

What separates the muscle compartments?

A

Special bands of fascia called intermuscular septa

53
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the arm?

A
  • Anterior:
    - Elbow flexion
    - Musculocutaneous nerve
    -Posterior:
    - Elbox extension
    - Radial nerve
54
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the forearm?

A
  • Anterior
    • Wrist and digit flexion and pronation
    • Median and ulnar nerves

-Posterior
- Wrist and digit extension and supination
- Radial nerve

55
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the thigh?

A
  • Anterior
    • Knee extension
    • Femoral nerve
  • Posterior
    • Knee flexion
    • Sciatic nerve
  • Medial
    • Hip adduction
    • Obturator nerve
56
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the leg?

A
  • Anterior
    • Ankle dorsiflexion and inversion
    • Deep fibular nerve
  • Lateral
    • Ankle eversion and plantarflexion
    • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Deep posterior
    • Plantarflexion
    • Tibial nerve
  • Superficial posterior
    • Knee flexion
    • Plantarflexion
    • Tibial nerve
57
Q

What 4 other ways can muscle be classified?

A
  • Action- agonist (muscle that is contracting) , antagonist (muscle that is relaxing, or extending_
  • Shape- deltoid, trapezius, rhomboids
  • Position in the body - e.g. tibialis anterior muscle has its name as its anterior of the tibia
  • Number of heads (proximal attachments- e.g. biceps has 2 heads, a long head and a short head
58
Q

What are tendons?

A

Dense connective tissue attaching muscle to bone made of type 1 collagen, giving it high tensile strength

59
Q

What is a thin flat tendon called?

A

Aponeurosis

60
Q

What are the functions of tendons?

A
  • Transmits mechanical force of muscle to bone, efficient at this as they’re much stiffer than muscles, high tensile strength allows them to withstand large loads with minimal deformations and minimal loss of energy.
  • Allow muscle bulk to be situated away from site of action. Reduces force and energy required for movements.
  • Allow muscles to pull ‘round corners’ so force can be transmitted around corners.
61
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle

A

Operates the skeleton, links bones + tendons, allows movement and respiratory mechanisms (diaphragm) and maintaining posture and balance

Rapid contraction of muscle but subject to fatigue, voluntary control

62
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle

A
  • Response for contractility of the heart, therefore pumping action
  • Muscle contracts quite rapidly, resists fatigue, can contract regularly for 90+ years
  • Involuntary control (for most people)
63
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Used in vessels to maintain blood pressure and flow, in lungs it opens and closes airways, in GI system it helps motility and nutrition collection, however smooth muscle is found in many more internal organs such as uterus, bladder etc.

Muscles contract slower but contractions are very powerful and energy-efficient with little fatigue. They are able to stretch further than cardiac + skeletal, and usually involuntary control, e.g. uterus, gut

64
Q

What is muscle surrounded by?

A

Epimysium- thick, outermost sheath of dense connective tissue

65
Q

What are fascicles surrounded by?

A

Perimysium- Supporting connective tissue, carries nerves, blood vessels.

66
Q

What does actin do for a muscle cell?

A

Thin filaments that transmit the forces generated by myosin to the ends of the muscle

Form a network (beneath the plasma membrane) that provides mechanical support, determine cell shape, allows movement of the cell to the surface

67
Q

What does myosin do for a muscle cell?

A

This is a protein that converts ATP to mechanical energy, generating force and movement

Introduction to medicine (Year 1) (59 decks)

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