Haematology- Red blood cells Flashcards
Describe the structure of a red blood cell
Biconcave
8 microns diameter but pass through 3 microns capillaries
What is the composition of the red cell membrane?
- 50% proteins
- 40% lipids
- 10% carbohydrates
Describe the structure of the red blood cell membrane
Semi- permeable lipid bilayer, with proteins scattered throughout
Has:
- An outer hydrophilic layer
- Central hydrophobic layer
- Inner hydrophilic layer
What is the outer hydrophilic layer composed of?
Glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteins
What does the central hydrophobic layer contain?
Proteins, cholesterol and phospholipids
What does the inner hydrophobic layer contain?
Mesh-like cytoskeletal proteins to support lipid bilayer
Describe the lipid composition of the red blood cell membrane
- Phospholipids - 60%
- Cholesterol- 30% - unesterfied free cholesterol between 2 layers
- Sphingoloids - 10%
The distribution of phospholipids is asymmetrical. What are the uncharged phospholipids in the outer layer?
- Phosphatidyl choline (PC)
- Sphingomyelin (SM)
What are the charged phospholipids in the inner layer?
- Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE)
- Phosphatidyl serine (PS)
What 2 types of proteins are in the red blood cell membrane?
- Integral membrane proteins - traverse entire lipid bilayer membrane
2- Peripheral proteins- limited to cytoplasmic surface of membrane and forms RBC cytoskeleton
What are the 2 major integral proteins?
- Glycophorins
- Band 3
These are anion transporters
What does the cytoskeleton do for a RBC?
Acts as a tough framework to support the bilayer, and is responsible for deformability (ability of a material to change its shape or size under influence) and maintaining its biconcave shape.
What are the 4 major peripheral proteins?
-Spectrin
-Ankyrin
-Protein 4.1
-Actin
Describe spectrin
Most abundant of peripheral proteins, composed of alpha + beta chains.
Very important in RBC membrane integrity, binds with other peripheral proteins to form cytoskeletal network of microfilaments, responsible for biconcave shaped of RBC
If this becomes denatured, red cells become spherical and lose flexibility
Describe Ankyrin
Family of adaptor protein, interacts with band 3 and spectrin to achieve linkage between bilayer and cytoskeleton
Describe protein 4.1
Major structural element- links cytoskeleton to membrane by means of its associations with glycophorin and stabilises interaction of spectrin with actin
Describe Actin
Abundant protein in cell membrane- responsible for contraction and relaxation of membrane. Allows movement of cell surface enabling cells to migrate, engulf particles and divide.
Where are the carbohydrates on the RBC membrane?
Only on the external surface, attached to proteins and lipids
How do carbohydrates attach to proteins and lipids?
By a process called glycosylation
What does the carbohydrate do for a red blood cell?
Gives the cell identity, the distinguishing factor for human blood types (you know A, B, O, AB), they are what give the blood a group
Where are blood group antigens found?
On red cell membrane and these determine our blood group.
Many antigens are proteins e.g. Rhesus , and these proteins give other info to the red blood cell
Other antigens are carbohydrates e.g. ABO
Describe the structure of Haemoglobin
Globular protein that contains:
- Haemoproteins
- Haem
- Iron