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Introduction to medicine (Year 1) > Introduction to cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Introduction to cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the blood vessels?

A

Transporting blood around the body

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2
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary system

A

Blood travels to lung to become oxygenated before travelling back to the heart

Gas exchange in lungs
Low hydrostatic pressure due to only transporting blood to the lungs

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3
Q

Describe the function of systemic circulation

A

Transport oxygenated blood to all areas of body

Serves rest of body, transporting oxygen + nutrients

High hydrostatic pressure, due to transporting to all of body

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4
Q

Describe the change in the features of arteries from proximal (heart) to distal (extremities)

A
  • Arteries increase in number
  • Arteries decrease in diameter
  • Walls of arteries decrease in thickness
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5
Q

Describe the classes of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries - Carry blood away from heart
  • Arterioles - Smallest branch of arteries, divide to form capillaries
  • Capillaries - Smallest blood vessels, exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
  • Venules - Formed when capillary venues unite, collect blood from capillaries
  • Veins - Venules unite to form bigger veins, return blood to heart, normally contain valves to prevent back flow of blood
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6
Q

Describe the superior vena cava

A
  • Main blood vessel that brings blood back from the head and neck region + upper limb back to the RA
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7
Q

Describe the inferior vena cava

A
  • Main blood vessel that brings blood back from trunk and lower back to RA
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8
Q

What happens to the blood transported back to the RA?

A
  • Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and then into the pulmonary trunk
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9
Q

Describe the pulmonary trunk

A
  • Split into left and right pulmonary artery, left to left lung, right to right lung
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10
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries branch into? Describe this

A

Pulmonary arterioles, which form a capillary network around the alveolar synapse, where oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs

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11
Q

What does the capillary network around the alveolar synapse then form?

A

Pulmonary venules, which then unite to form pulmonary veins which bring oxygenated blood back to the LA

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12
Q

What happens to the oxygenated blood after it’s returned to the LA?

A

Travels through mitral valve into left ventricle, then into aorta

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the aorta?

A
  • Ascending aorta
  • Aortic arch
  • Descending aorta - supplies oxygenate blood to the lower limbs
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14
Q

Describe the 3 vessels branching off of the aortic arch

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk - first from left, supplies oxygenated blood to the upper limb via the subclavian artery, head and neck via right common carotid artery
  • Left common carotid artery - Supplies the head and neck of the left hand side, this is the middle branch
  • Left subclavian artery - this is the rightmost branch, this supplies the left upper limb
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15
Q

What are the functions of the 2 blood vessels branching off of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  • Right subclavian artery - supplies oxygenated blood to right upper limb
  • Right common carotid artery, supplies oxygenated blood to head and neck on right side
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16
Q

Describe the first change the right subclavian artery undergoes as it gets further away (distal) from the heart

A
  • At lateral first border of the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery, supplying the axilla (armpit)
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17
Q

What causes the axillary artery divided into 3 parts?

A
  • Due to the pectoralis minor muscle, as blood flows before-behind- after the muscle for parts 1, 2 and 3 respectively
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18
Q

What do the arteries behind the pectoralis muscle supply?

A
  • The shoulder and scapular regions of the upper limb
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19
Q

At what point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A
  • At the inferior border of the teres major (muscle that runs along lateral border of scapula)
  • Supplies blood to arm
20
Q

How does the brachial artery travel in relation to the bicipital aponeurosis?

A
  • Deep in the cubital fossa
21
Q

What does the brachial artery bifurcate into?

A
  • Radial artery
  • Ulna artery
22
Q

How can the radial artery be used clinically?

A
  • Pulse
  • Coronary artery bypass
  • Allen’s test
23
Q

What are the 2 arches in the hand that connect the 2 blood vessels?

A
  • Superficial palmar arch
  • Deep palmar arch
24
Q

What forms from the superficial and deep palmar arch?

A
  • Proper palmar digital arteries to supply the fingers
25
Q

Describe the superficial veins of the upper limb

A
  • Cephalic - runs in deltopectoral groove, drains in axillary vein
  • Basillic vein- drains in axillary vein
  • Median cubital vein - connecting between cephalic and basillic veins, runs superficially to bicipitsal aponeurosis
26
Q

What is the importance of the median cubital vein running superficially to the bicipital aponeurosis?

A
  • Arteries and nerves are protected when drawing blood (venepuncture), means blood is only being drawn from the vein.
  • The bicipital aponeurosis is very thick, meaning the nerves and arteries have lots of protection
27
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A
  • The diaphragm
28
Q

At what level does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A
  • T12
29
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A
  • Left and right common iliac arteries
30
Q

What do the left and right common iliac arteries divide into?

A
  • The internal iliac arteries, which will branch to supply the pelvic viscera
  • The external iliac arteries, which branch to supply the lower limb, and they also give superficial branches to supply the abdominal wall
31
Q

What does the external iliac artery run under to become the femoral artery?

A
  • The inguinal ligament
32
Q

The femoral artery runs to become the femoral triangle. What order is the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral vein
33
Q

What is the profunda femoris?

A
  • The deep femoral artery, a thick branch formed when the femoral artery descends into the thigh
  • It travels posteriorly to the back of the knee
34
Q

What does the deep femoral artery turn into at the knee?

A
  • The popliteal artery (back of knee is called the popliteal fossa)
35
Q

What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?

A
  • The anterior tibial artery - gives off many branches to supply anterior compartment of leg
  • The posterior tibial artery - supplies posterior aspect of leg
36
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

Dorsal surface of the foot and becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

37
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery branch into?

A

The fibular artery

38
Q

What does the fibular artery supply?

A

Supplies the lateral aspect of leg

39
Q

Where plane does the posterior tibial artery travel down?

A

Medial aspect of ankle and continues to supply the sole of the foot

40
Q

What are the lower limb pulses?

A
  • Femoral pulse
  • Posterior tibial pulse
  • Popliteal pulse (back of knee)
  • Dorsalis pedis pulse
41
Q

What does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A
  • Drains into deep femoral vein
42
Q

Describe the great saphenous vein

A
  • Longest vein in body
  • Runs up medial side of lower limb, passing anterior to ankle + posterior to knee
  • These are veins affected by varicose veins, when veins become enlarged, dilated
43
Q

What does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Deep popliteal vein in fossa

44
Q

Describe the small saphenous vein

A

Ascends up posterior side of leg

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium (top)
  • Sternal body (middle)
  • Xiphoid process (bottom)
46
Q

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

A

Costal cartilages

47
Q
A

Introduction to medicine (Year 1) (59 decks)

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