Scientific Foundations: Nursing Science- Done Flashcards
Main focuses of Florence Nightingale
- Emphasized need to improve environmental conditions to protect health of clients
- Preventative rather than curative health services
- Used statistical techniques to demonstrate relationship between unsanitary conditions and preventable deaths
- Developed record keeping system that enabled her to improve conditions
Florence Nightingale’s five elements necessary for good health
- Pure air
- Pure water
- Efficient drainage
- Cleanliness
- Light
Areas influenced by Florence Nightingale
- Public health
- Laid foundation for occupational and environmental health nursing
- Development of nursing theory
- Development of nursing research
- Nursing education
Intervention Wheel
- Revision of Public Health Intervention Model
- Describes the application of nursing practice to populations
- Based on actual work performed by public health nurses
According to the Intervention Wheel population-based practice…
- Focuses of populations
- Relies on community assessment
- Considers all determinants of health
- Emphasizes prevention
- Intervenes at multiple levels
Intervention Wheel: Three levels of practice
- Community
- Systems
- Individuals/families
Intervention Wheel
Public health practice is described by — types of interventions, grouped into —– general areas or “wedges”
17
5
Intervention Wheel: Interventions in area one
- Surveillance
- Disease and other health event investigation
- Outreach
- Screening
- Case finding
Intervention Wheel: Interventions in area two
- Referral and follow-up
- Case management
- Delegated functions
Intervention Wheel: Interventions in area three
- Health teaching
- Counseling
- Consultation
Intervention Wheel: Interventions in area four
- Collaboration
- Coalition building
- Community organizing
Intervention Wheel: Interventions in area five
- Advocacy
- Social marketing
- Policy development and enforcement
Nursing, Health and the Environment
- Landmark publication
- Defines and describes the role of nurses in environmental health
Definition of environmental health from Nursing, Health and the Environment
Freedom from illness or injury related to exposure to toxic agents and other environmental conditions that are potentially detrimental to health
Three themes of Nursing, Health and the Environment
- The environment is a primary determinant of health, and environmental health hazards affect all aspects of life and all areas of nursing practice
- Nurses are well positioned to address environmental health concerns of individuals and communities
- There is need to enhance the awareness of and emphasis on environmental threats to the health of populations served by all nurses regardless of their practice
Working population is characterized by…
- Generally healthy enough to hold a job
- Of working age
- Often of child eating age
Occupational and environmental health busing interventions should be…
- Population based
- Supported by evidence
- Reflect best practices
Nurses who establish, publicize, and monitor heavy metal screening programs and registries, followed by case finding, are performing…
- Surveillance
- Investigation
- Outreach
- Screening
—–, ——, ——- are accomplished at all three levels when occupational and environmental health nurses work with —–, —-, —— to identify cases of tuberculosis, prevented further spread of disease, and ensure treatment for those infected
Referral
Case management
Delegated functions
Health departments
Worker populations
High risk individuals
—-, —–, —— take place through nursing activities aimed at informing health care providers and members of rural communities about risks of agricultural hazards and health effect prevention
Teaching
Counseling
Consultation
Partnerships with —-, —-, —–, and —— to create safe play areas for urban children address the intervention areas of —–, —–, and ——
Local health departments
Community organizations
Neighborhood residents
Parents
Collaboration
Coalition building
Community organizing
The areas of —-, —-, and —— are exemplified by nursing practices that promote and enforce employers policies to prevent the transmission of workplace hazards into the home environment
Advocacy
Social marketing
Policy development
Examples of employer policies to prevent transmission of workplace hazards to home environment
- Clothing changes
- Shower facilities
- Worker training
Factors that determine the health of individuals and populations
- Biological factors
- Behaviors
- Social environment
- Physical environment
- Additional determinants
Examples of biological factors
- Genetic background
- Physical health status
- Mental health status
How behaviors determine health of individuals/populations
Behaviors occur in response to an individual’s experiences and may either cause biological changes or be influenced by biology
(Behavior) may cause lung disease (biology)
Smoking
(Biology) may lead to avoidance of sun exposure (behavior)
Fair complexion
Examples of social environment
- Interaction with others
- Housing and community services
- Institutions such as school and places of worship
Physical environment can be sources of exposure to….
- Chemicals
- Pathogens
- Physical hazards
Additional determinants of health are…
- Policies and interventions that relate to health behaviors and health outcomes
- Access to quality care
Hazard
A substance capable of causing harm
Risk
The probability that harm will occur
What provides a basis for preventing morbidity and mortality and promoting health in a broad range of settings?
A systematic understanding of the relationships among health determinants and the principles that govern the association between hazards and health effects
Domains in which relationships between health determinants and the principles that govern the association between hazards and health effects apply
- Workers
- Work related exposures
- Work environments
- Influence if industrial conditions on family and community members
Approaches to ——- and ——– similar to those used in the workplace can be used to protect the health of communities faced with natural or man made hazards in media such as food, air, soil and water
Risk assessment
Principles of health protection
The chief disciplines that assist the occupational and environmental health nurse to understand the agent-host-environment relationship are….
- Epidemiology
- Toxicology
- Industrial hygiene
In the mid-1800s, ———– established public health as an important focus for nursing
Florence Nightingale
