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► Med Misc 57 > Occupational Health And Safety Principles: Research- Done > Flashcards

Occupational Health And Safety Principles: Research- Done Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to conduct research?

A
  1. Thoughtful clinical observations
  2. Knowledge about research methods
  3. Data about health, exposure and preventive interventions
  4. Computer resources
  5. Departmental/company support
  6. Expertise and team resources
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2
Q

Characteristics of science

A
  1. Goal is understanding and explanation
  2. Mode of inquiry and problem solving
  3. Methodological and organized
  4. Replication of findings
  5. Dissemination of information
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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems

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4
Q

Most commonly used method for the study of work related illnesses and injuries

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

Key steps in the research process

A
  1. Research question or problem
  2. Review of literature
  3. Study design
  4. Data collection
  5. Data analysis
  6. Interpretation of results
  7. Report preparation
  8. Dissemination of research
  9. Application to practice
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6
Q

Components of research question or problem

A
  • What am I trying to understand
  • Identify and delineate a concept
  • Describe relationship between concepts
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7
Q

Ways to describe relationships between concepts

A
  1. Simple association

2. Causal association

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8
Q

Components of causal association

A
  1. Temporal relationship

2. Confounding factors

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9
Q

Sources for review of literature (basic)

A
  1. Library databases of professional journals

2. NIOSH and other agency reports

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10
Q

Types of study design

A
  1. Cross-sectional/prevalence study
  2. Case control study
  3. Cohort study
  4. Experimental/quasi-experimental study
  5. Qualitative studies
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11
Q

Cross-sectional/prevalence study

A

A study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time

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12
Q

Case control study

A

A study in which a series of persons with a disease (cases) are compared to a group without the disease (controls) as to characteristics (exposure or risk factors) which might predict or cause the disease

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13
Q

Cohort study

A

A study in which persons who are initially free of the disease or outcome condition under study, but who vary related to one or more factors (exposure or risk factors) are followed over a period of time (longitudinal) and observed for the occurrence of the disease or condition

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14
Q

Types of cohort study

A
  1. Retrospective

2. Prospective

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15
Q

Retrospective cohort study

A

Longitudinal, but following subjects from one point in time in the past to another point in the past

Generally know who has developed the outcome condition

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16
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Longitudinal, but begins in the present and follows subjects into the future

Generally do not know who will develop the outcome condition

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17
Q

Experimental/quasi-experimental study

A

A type of cohort study in which persons (experimental group vs control group) vary based on whether they have received an intervention (manipulation)

18
Q

Types of data that could be collected

A
  1. Health data
  2. Exposure data
  3. Intervention data
19
Q

Sources of health data

A
  1. Medical records
  2. Worker compensation reports
  3. Health insurance records
  4. Personnel records
  5. Union records
  6. Original data
20
Q

Types of medical records that can be used in research

A
  1. Pre-placement physicals
  2. Medical surveillance
  3. Clinic visits
  4. OSHA logs
21
Q

Types of worker compensation reports that can be used in research

A
  1. Medical opinions

2. Legal findings

22
Q

Types of original data that can be used in research

A
  1. Surveys
  2. Interview
  3. Observation
23
Q

Sources of exposure data

A
  1. Biological monitoring data
  2. Environmental exposure data
  3. Personnel records
  4. Medical records
24
Q

Intervention data

A

Data that validate that intervention was delivered the way you expected to the people you expected

25
Q

Types of data analysis

A
  1. Measures of rates

2. Measures of association

26
Q

Types of measures of rates

A
  1. Incidence rate
  2. Prevalence rate
  3. Crude rates
  4. Characteristic of specific rate
  5. Adjusted or standardized rate
27
Q

Incidence rate

A
  • Rate of change from non-diseased state to the diseased state among persons at risk
  • Numerator is only new cases
  • Denominator is restricted to those at risk of becoming a new case
28
Q

Prevalence rate

A
  • Proportion of the population that has a condition at some given time
  • Numerator is number of existing cases at a given point in time
  • Denominator is the best estimate of the population at risk at the same point in time
29
Q

Crude rates

A

Summary rate based in the actual number of events in a total population over a given time

30
Q

Adjusted or standardized rate

A

Summary rates that have undergone statistical transformation to permit fair comparison between groups differing in some characteristic that may affect the risk of disease

31
Q

Types of measures of association

A
  1. Rate ratio
  2. Odds ratio
  3. Prevalence rate ratio
  4. Pearson product moment correlation
32
Q

Rate ratio

A
  • RR
  • aka relative risk or risk ratio
  • RR= incidence exposed/ incidence unexposed
33
Q

Odds ratio

A
  • OR

- aka relative odds, cross product ratio

34
Q

Odds

A

The probability of occurrence of an event to that of nonoccurrence

35
Q

Disease odds ratio

A

The ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed

36
Q

Prevalence rate ratio

A
  • PRR

- PRR= prevalence exposed/ prevalence unexposed

37
Q

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

A

Estimate of the relationship between variable scores based on scores for those two variables for the sample

38
Q

Types of interpretation of results

A
  1. Alternative explanations

2. Collaborative research

39
Q

Ways to disseminate research

A
  1. Publication
  2. Presentation
  3. Teaching
  4. Intraorganizational reports
40
Q

Why conduct research

A
  1. To prevent occupational illnesses, injuries and disability
  2. To reduce financial and personal costs related to these events
  3. To contribute knowledge development in OH nursing
  4. To advance your own practice in OH nursing

► Med Misc 57 (49 decks)

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