science quarter 2 final Flashcards
a hollow area in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism
mold
a difference between individuals of the same species
variation
scientists who study fossils
paleontologist
the scientific study of how living things are classified
taxonomy
the comparison of the structures of different organisms
comparative anatomy
the specific environment that provides the things the organism need to liv,e grow, and reproduce.
habitat
a hypothesis that proposes that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
gradualism
fossils in which minerals replace all or part of an organism
petrified fossil
a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
adaptation
the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past
fossil
organisms cells that contain nuclei
eukaryote
the gradual change in a species over time
evolution
a two part naming system
binomial nomenclature
a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
species
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
prokaryote
a hypothesis that proposes that species evolve quickly during relatively short periods
punctuated equilibria
when no members of that species are still alive
extinct
a solid copy of the shape of an organism
cast
a chart that shows probable evolutionary relationships among organisms
branching tree diagram
usually a homologous structure, such as a backbone, that is shared by all organisms in a group
shared derived characteristic
similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor
homologous structures
provide evidence or the activities of ancient organism
trace fossil
when individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species
natural selection
the process of grouping things based on their similarities
classification
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
scientific theory
a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms
genus
Genes on the x or the Y chromosome
Sex-linked genes
A person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele
Carrier
One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell that decide the gender
Sex chromosomes
A chart or family tree
Pedigree
all the DNA in one cell of an organism
Genome
a process which will involve inserting copies of a gene directly into a person’s cells.
Gene therapy
when genes from one organism are transferred in to the DNA of another organism
Genetic engineering
involves cross in individuals with similar characteristics
Inbreeding
An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes
Genetic disorder
a process in which organisms are selected to be parents of the next generation
Selective breeding
an organism that has exactly the same traits as the organism from which it was produced
Clone
a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell
Karyotype
when breeders cross two genetically different individuals
Hybridization
Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
Multiple alleles
an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
Hybrid
an offspring of many generations that have the same trait
Purebred
a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent
Diploid
an organisms genetic makeup or allele combinations
Genotype
an organisms physical appearance or visible traits
Phenotype
a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result form a genetic cross
Punnett square
the different forms of genes
Allele
the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells, sperm and eggs
Meiosis
the process in which the egg and sperm join to form a new organism
Fertilization
the study of heredity
Genetics
the factors that control a trait
Gene
when the alleles are neither dominant or recessive and both alleles are expressed in the offspring
Codominance
another type of RNA that carries amino acids the the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein
Transfer RNA
is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
Recessive allele
a process in which material from two parents combines to produce a new organism which differs from both parents
Sexual reproduction
The passing of characteristics from parent to offspring
Heredity
each different form of a characteristic
Trait
one who’s trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
Dominant allele
any change in a gene or chromosome
Mutation
a material that copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
a number that describes how likely it is that a certain event will occur
Probability
An organism that can make its own food
Autotroph
An organism that can’t make its own food
Heterotroph
Small openings on the undersides of leaves
Stomata
The process by which cells change in structure and become capable of carrying out specialized functions
Differentiation
The stage when the cells nucleus divides
Mitosis
When the cell makes an exact copy of the DNA and the nucleus
Replication
The final stage of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides and the organelles are distributed in their new cell
Cytokinesis
The main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
An undifferentiated cell
Stem cell
The process before cell division where the cell grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepared to divide in to 2 cells
Interphase
The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
Cell cycle
Colored chemical compounds that absorb light
Pigment
Provides energy for cells without using oxygen
Fermentation
The threadlike chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form double rod structures called chromosomes
Chromosomes
The process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
Respiration
The process by which a cell captures energy from sunlight and uses it to make food
Photosynthesis
