Chapter 8 science study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of structure of planet Earth and the forces that make and shape the Earth

A

geology

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2
Q

occurs when running water, ice, or windbreak down rocks and carry the pieces away

A

erosion

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3
Q

states that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past

A

uniformitarianism

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4
Q

rocks that form when molten material form beneath Earth’s surface cools and hardens

A

igneous rock

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5
Q

a rock made of sediments that have been deposited and then pressed together to form a solid rock

A

sedimentary rock

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6
Q

a rock that forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions

A

metamorphic rock

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7
Q

a series of processes on and beneath the Earth’s surface that slowly change rocks from one kind to another

A

rock cycle

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8
Q

molten material beneath Earth’s surface

A

magma

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9
Q

magma that flows on to Earth’s surface

A

lava

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10
Q

a rock’s age compared to the ages of other rocks

A

relative age

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11
Q

the number of years since a rock has been formed

A

absolute age

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12
Q

states that in horizontal sedimentary rock layers the oldest layer is at the bottom. Each higher layer is younger than the layers below it

A

law of superposition

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13
Q

lava that hardens on the surface

A

extrusion

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14
Q

when the magma cools and hardens in to a mass of igneous rock

A

intrusion

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15
Q

a break in Earth’s crust

A

fault

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16
Q

the surface where new rock layers meet a much older rock surface beneath them

A

uncomformity

17
Q

a piece of rock that is contained in another rock

A

inclusion

18
Q

a fossil that tells the relative ages of the rock layer in which they occur

A

index fossil

19
Q

all the matter you see, including rocks, is made of tiny particles called _____

A

atom

20
Q

When all the atoms in a particular type of matter are the same, the matter is an _________

A

element

21
Q

when the atoms of one element break down to form atoms of another element

A

radioactive decay

22
Q

The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay

A

half-life

23
Q

the 12 pieces that the outer layer of the Earth is made of

A

plates

24
Q

states that Earth’s landmasses have changed position over time because they are part of plates that are slowly moving

A

the theory of plate tectonics

25
Q

the very slow movement of continents

A

continental drift

26
Q

a record of the life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history

A

geologic time scale

27
Q

the three long units between Precambrian time and the present.

A

Eras

28
Q

Eras subdivion

A

periods

29
Q

animals without backbones

A

invertebrates

30
Q

animals with backbones

A

vertebrates

31
Q

an animal that lives part of its life on land and part of its life in the water

A

amphibian

32
Q

animals that have scaly skin and lay eggs with tough, leathery shells

A

reptiles

33
Q

a time in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time

A

mass extinction

34
Q

a warm-blooded vertebrate that feeds its young milk

A

mammal