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Science Flashcards

1
Q

Common bile duct

A

Tube that conveys bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement investigated in an experiment

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3
Q

Adaptive arm

A

Part of the immune system that is slower to activate in response to [pathogens but targets specific ones

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4
Q

phase diagram

A

graph that depicts pressure and temperature necessary for substance to undergo change in state

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5
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Quantity of air that moves during normal breathing

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6
Q

Surfactant

A

Detergent in lungs responsible for reducing surface tension to prevent lung collapse

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Negative pressure breathing

A

Inhalation of air due to a decreased pressure in lungs

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9
Q

Deposition

A

Process by which gas undergoes a phase transition into a solid without going through liquid phase first

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10
Q

Trachea

A

Tube that carries air from mouth and nasal cavities to lungs

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11
Q

Steroid

A

Type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids

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12
Q

protons

A

particles in nucleus of atom that have positive charge. Number of protons is elements atomic #

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13
Q

Mixture

A

Matter that is composed of more than one substance

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14
Q

Tissue

A

Cells working together for a common function

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15
Q

Bias

A

Intentional or unintentional skewing of experimental results to favor a particular outcome

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16
Q

Haversian canal

A

Hollow tube running down the length of osteons that contains blood vessels

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17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Type of white blood cell that releases antibodies in response to disease

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18
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller passages formed from branching of the bronchi that carry air to the alveoli

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19
Q

Neuron

A

Cell that conducts electrical impulse allowing transmittance of information from 1 part to the other

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20
Q

Bile

A

Product of the liver that emulsifies fats

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21
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine

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22
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Statement that assumes there is no causal relationship between independent variable

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23
Q

T Cell

A

Adaptive immune system cell, born in bone marrow and matured in thymus

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24
Q

Heart

A

Organ that propels blood through the circulatory system

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25
Q

vapor

A

substance that has been diffused into air as a gas at a temperature below its boiling point

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26
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Carbohydrate monomer

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27
Q

Amylose

A

Glucose polymer that is part of starch

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28
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve that separates right atrium and right ventricle

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29
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Structure in the ovaries that contains a developing ovum

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30
Q

Diffusion

A

Process by which substances and gases are exchanged across a membrane

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31
Q

Non – metal

A

Element on the right side of the periodic table in group 5,6,7

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32
Q

positive feedback

A

signaling loop which the end product leads to production of more product

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33
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation in females

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34
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that increases blood glucose

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35
Q

Spongy bone

A

Less dense tissue located at the ends of bones that contains bone marrow

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36
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that absorbs waste products

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37
Q

Combustion

A

Type of oxidation reaction

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38
Q

Asthma

A

Disease caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airway

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39
Q

urinary system

A

system of organs that filters blood and eliminates waste products through urine

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40
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Organelle responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification of cellular waste products and drugs

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41
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in erythrocytes that facilitates gas exchange by binding to oxygen and carbon dioxide

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42
Q

Nucleus (of an atom)

A

Central core of an atom consisting of a proton and neutron

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43
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small glands that filter lymph and contain high concentrations of lymphocytes

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44
Q

Exothermic

A

Description of a reaction that gives off heat

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45
Q

Molecular (polyatomic) ion

A

Molecule with an unbalanced charge due to loss or gain of electrons

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46
Q

Synovial joints

A

Most common joints in the body and capable of movement

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47
Q

scrotum

A

sac that hangs outside the male body and contains the testes

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48
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

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49
Q

Cranium

A

Part of the skull that houses the brain

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50
Q

Sublimation

A

Process where solid substance transitions into a gas without going through liquid phase

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51
Q

Period

A

Row of the periodic table

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52
Q

Solid

A

Substance with a defined shape and volume

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53
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Primary genetic material inside human cells that stores genetic information

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54
Q

Cohesion

A

Property of polar molecules to attract other molecules of the same substance

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55
Q

Boiling point

A

Temperature at which liquid boils, bubbles up and turns into vapor

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56
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone cell that builds bone

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57
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands that secrete sebum, mixture of fats and proteins that prevents the skin/ hair dry out

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58
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile component of myofibril, composed of actin and myosin

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59
Q

vagus nerve

A

cranial nerve that transmits signals from abdominal organs to brain and helps regulate parasympathetic resp.

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60
Q

Chemical properties

A

Characteristics of substances that effect how a substance interacts with other matter

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61
Q

Esophagus

A

Portion of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach

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62
Q

Triple point

A

Point at which temperature and pressure allow substance to be a solid, liquid, gas

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63
Q

Natural killer (NK) cell

A

Attacks and kills cells that contain intracellular pathogens or display abnormal surface antigens

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64
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Macromolecule that translates DNA into form that can be read to create proteins

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65
Q

seminal vesicles

A

glands that secrete fructose containing liquid to nourish sperm

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66
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage in a joint

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67
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a reactant combines with oxygen

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68
Q

Anatomical planes

A

Divisions of the body into distinct halves. 3 main planes are coronal, sagittal and transverse

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69
Q

Gastrointestinal system

A

System of organs that converts food into nutrients that body can use

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70
Q

Intensive properties

A

Physical properties that are independent of the amount of matter being measured

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71
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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72
Q

Surfactant insufficiency

A

Genetic disorder caused by mutation in 1 of surfactant proteins that makes breathing difficult

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73
Q

Latent heat of vaporization

A

Heat required for substance to transition from liquid to a gas

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74
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron

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75
Q

Anal sphincter

A

Ring shaped muscle that tightens to control the excretion of solid waste from digestive tract

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76
Q

Cervix

A

Opening that connects the vagina and uterus

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77
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another

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78
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls and cause them to lyse. Saliva, tears and mucus

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79
Q

Digestive system

A

System of organs that breaks down foods into nutrients the body can use

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80
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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81
Q

pleural fluid

A

lubricate pleural membranes

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82
Q

Electrons

A

Particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom that have a negative electronic charge

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83
Q

Receptor

A

Protein in cells that recognizes a specific signaling molecule

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84
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

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85
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers and found in structural material of plants

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86
Q

prolactin

A

hormone released by anterior pituitary that acts on mammary gland of females induce milk production

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87
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having 2 different alleles for a trait

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88
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

System of bones and other tissues that protects organs, creates blood cells, provides framework of muscles

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89
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network of capillaries that drains toxins and wastes away from body tissue into the blood

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90
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Form of inheritance in which both heterozygous alleles are expressed

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91
Q

Acidosis

A

Decrease in blood pH

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92
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes responsible for killing parasites

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93
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks of macromolecules

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94
Q

Independent variable

A

Parameter that is thought to affect the dependent variable and is changed between groups

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95
Q

Renal tubule

A

Part of the nephron where blood components are reabsorbed into bloodstream

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96
Q

Aorta

A

Artery that carries blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation

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97
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that enhances a chemical reaction but remains unchanged upon completion of the reaction

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98
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bond created by the transfer of electrons

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99
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels, smallest in body that receive blood from arterioles and return to venules

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100
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

A ring shaped muscle that tightens to separate the stomach from the small intestine

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101
Q

Reproducibility

A

Ability to produce same results from independent experiments

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102
Q

Inflammation

A

Process that leads to swelling produces fevers and recruits immune cells

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103
Q

Solution

A

One substance that is dissolved in another

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104
Q

Neutrons

A

Particles in the nucleus of an atom that have no electrical charge

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105
Q

polarization

A

influx of positive charge inside a nerve cell that triggers an action potential

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106
Q

Electronic balance

A

Device used to make very precise measurements of weight

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107
Q

plasma membrane

A

semipermeable lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and controls movement of solutes in/ out cell

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108
Q

Memory

A

Bodys immune system, ability to remember a pathogen that has been previously encountered

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109
Q

Reproductive system

A

System of organs that produce gametes and facilitate fertilization

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110
Q

ventilation rate

A

rate of inhalation and exhalation per minute

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111
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Aqueous mixture of proteins and other biological molecules surrounds the organelles in a cell

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112
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers and stored as energy in plants

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113
Q

polypeptide chain

A

multiple amino acids linked by peptide bonds and proteins primary structure

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114
Q

Thymus

A

Glandular lymphoid organ in which T cells mature

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115
Q

Alkalosis

A

Increase in blood pressure

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116
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process by which ova are produced by meiotic division

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117
Q

Subshell

A

Designation of group of orbitals that has a maximum capacity for electrons

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118
Q

Endocrine system

A

System of organs that produce and releases hormones that control many bodily functions

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119
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Condition in which the heart can no longer pump blood effectively

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120
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. largest vein in the body

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121
Q

short bones

A

bones that provide stability and some movement and are wider than they are flat

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122
Q

Myofibril

A

Basic unit of a muscle cell that extends the length of the muscle

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123
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood under relatively high pressure from the heart

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124
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that carry the nerve impulse across a synapse

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125
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves that separate the atria and ventricle in the heart

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126
Q

Endometrium

A

Highly vascularized lining of the uterus

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127
Q

Pathogen

A

Foreign infectious agent

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128
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of a long bone

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129
Q

Dependent variable

A

Parameter that is thought to be affected by the independent variable and is measured in an experiment

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130
Q

Condensation

A

Process of vapor or gas converting into a liquid

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131
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary that acts on thyroid to stimulate hormone release

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132
Q

Lipid

A

Macromolecule containing hydrocarbon chains

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133
Q

Complement system

A

System composed of multiple proteins in the blood that can be recruited by antibodies cause lysis

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134
Q

Atria

A

Chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart

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135
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricating fluid found in synovial joints

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136
Q

Optic nerve

A

Cranial nerve that transmits visual stimuli from the eye to the brain

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137
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces in the lamellae where bone cells reside

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138
Q

Measuring wheel

A

Device consisting of a single wheel attached to handle and meant to be pushed along to measure

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139
Q

Homozygous

A

Having to alleles of the same time

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140
Q

shell

A

electron subshells that share the same principle energy level

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141
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Common proteins and carbohydrates found on surface of pathogens that are not specific to 1 protein

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142
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can reside in the lungs

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143
Q

Adipose

A

Fat tissue

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144
Q

Neuropathy

A

Peripheral nerve damage that leads to muscle weakness and even paralysis

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145
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament protein of muscle tissue

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146
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Result of exerting a muscle strenuously over a long period

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147
Q

Nucleolus

A

Substructure within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

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148
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of cell division in which the original cell divides twice and 4 resulting cells

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149
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Blood vessel that enters the glomerulus

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150
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecule containing carbon that is found in living things

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151
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed food

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152
Q

Nucleus (of a cell)

A

Site of DNA storage, as well as DNA replication and RNA transcription within cell

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153
Q

Axon

A

Part of the nerve cell that carries messages away from the cell body

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154
Q

Osmosis

A

Particular type of diffusion in which an imbalance is corrected by means of migration of the solvent

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155
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Part of the skeletal system that provides the general framework of the body Ex: (Skull)

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156
Q

physical properties

A

characteristics of substances that can be observed or measured and unrelated to chemical change

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157
Q

Control group

A

Group that is identical to the experimental group in that the independent variable is not changed

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158
Q

Double displacement reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which 2 elements or molecular ions switch places

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159
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, part of the bodies immune system

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160
Q

Orbital

A

Description of the potential path of an electron

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161
Q

Experiment

A

Designed procedure used to test a hypothesis

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162
Q

Chyme

A

Contents of the stomach as they exit that organ

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163
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Structure that develops from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone

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164
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine

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165
Q

Small intestine

A

Part of alimentary canal below stomach where digestion is completed and nutrient absorption

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166
Q

Punnett Square

A

Graphical tool used to calculate the probabilities of inheritance

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167
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of blood in the urine, damage to the urinary tract or kidney

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168
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood in which other components are suspended

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169
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of myofibrils resulting from disuse of a muscle

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170
Q

Experimental group

A

Scientific study for which the independent variable is changed

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171
Q

pulmonary veins

A

veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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172
Q

Passive immunity

A

Introduction of antibodies from an external source (breastfeeding)

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173
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA molecule

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174
Q

Diabetes

A

Disease caused by either a lack of insulin production or dysregulation of blood glucose

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175
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by beta cells in pancreas that induces glucose storage

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176
Q

Urea

A

Metabolic waste product excreted in urine

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177
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament protein of muscle tissue

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178
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Pathway in body which food travels while being digested and absorbed

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179
Q

Salivary glands

A

Glands that release enzymes to initiate digestive process in mouth

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180
Q

Muscle strain

A

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle

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181
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

part of the circulatory system that carries blood to and from the lungs

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182
Q

venules

A

vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and merge to form veins

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183
Q

Homeostasis

A

Status achieved when all of the systems in the body are in balance

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184
Q

Hypodermis

A

Deepest layer of skin which contains blood vessels and fat tissues

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185
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removal of water to create a covalent bond. Creates polymers

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186
Q

Mitral valve

A

Valve that separates left atrium from left ventricle

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187
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue that connects and supports different structures of the body

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188
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues working together to perform a common function

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189
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone released by the testes that induces spermatogenesis in males

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190
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Endocrine gland that releases hormones that control other glands or act directly on a target

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191
Q

Testes

A

Structure in which male gametes are produced

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192
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle that is responsible for breakdown of cellular waste products

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193
Q

Electron configuration

A

Description of the shells and subshells of all the electrons of an atom

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194
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Joints held together only by ligaments and not movable

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195
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Glands that secrete viscous fluid that lubricates male reproductive tract

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196
Q

saturated

A

description of lipid in which every carbon molecule is bound to 2 hydrogens

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197
Q

Brain

A

Organ that coordinates the nervous system

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198
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Signaling molecule composed of amino acids that binds to surface receptors initiating signaling cascade

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199
Q

Antigen

A

Microbial protein

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200
Q

Integument

A

The skin

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201
Q

products

A

substances that are the outputs of chemical reactions

202
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released by posterior pituitary that stimulate uterine contractions to initiate labor

203
Q

Gastric juice

A

Liquid in stomach containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes

204
Q

vaccination

A

introduction of harmless organisms into body to spur the formation of memory cells and produce immunity

205
Q

Menstruation

A

Process during which the endometrium is shed

206
Q

Triglyceride

A

Type of lipid that contains 3 fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule

207
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones that may result in weight loss

208
Q

Controlled variables

A

Parameters that are held constant in an experiment that the effect of the independent can be observed

209
Q

Cecum

A

Pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines

210
Q

posterior pituitary

A

endocrine gland that releases hormones that act directly on a target

211
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Disease in which the adaptive immune system targets healthy body cells (Type 1 diabetes)

212
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes responsible for phagocytosing bacteria and mediating inflammatory responses

213
Q

vital capacity

A

sum of the tidal, inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes of air in the lungs

214
Q

B cell

A

Adaptive immune system cell that develops into a plasma cell and secretes 1 specific antibody

215
Q

Diffusion rate

A

Speed of movement down a concentration gradient

216
Q

Calories

A

Energy needed to increase temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 decree Celsius

217
Q

self tolerant

A

description of the fact that a healthy adaptive immune system doesn’t respond to normal cellular antigens

218
Q

Synthesis (direct combination) reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which more than 1 reactant component combines to form product

219
Q

Translation

A

Decoding of mRNA by ribosome to produce specific amino acid chain

220
Q

vagina

A

passage between cervix and external genitalia in females

221
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormone released by the ovaries that induces the thickening of the endometrium

222
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process by which sperm are produced through meiotic division

223
Q

Globular protein

A

Water soluble protein (Hemoglobin)

224
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Addition of water to break a covalent bond releasing energy in a polymer

225
Q

Muscular system

A

System of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle that permits movement and circulate blood

226
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensory information from the central nervous system toward the muscles of the bo.

227
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease which immune cells attack cartilage in joints

228
Q

Ovum (ova)

A

Female gamete or egg

229
Q

Reactants

A

Substance that are the inputs to chemical reactions

230
Q

Density

A

Intensive property that equals mass per unit volume

231
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that induces sodium reabsorption in distal conv. Tubule

232
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Double loop path of the blood throughout the human body

233
Q

Integumentary system

A

System of organs comprised of skin, hair, nails and accessory glands

234
Q

Cerebrum

A

Part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement

235
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Genetic disorder that results in bones that are easily broken

236
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Tissue that provides movement 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

237
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity or alkalinity

238
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller compounds that can be used by the body

239
Q

Bowmans Capsule

A

Part of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

240
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocytes responsible for releasing histamine and mediating allergic reactions

241
Q

Macrophage

A

Cell that digests dying cells, in spleen found most commonly

242
Q

Flora

A

Nonpathogenic microbes that compete for resources with pathogenic organisms

243
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell division that result in 2 identical daughter cells from a single parent

244
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Disease caused by human immunodeficienct virus (HIV)

245
Q

Ischemia

A

Damage to muscle tissue due to inadequate blood flow

246
Q

veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

247
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to a resting state

248
Q

Melting point

A

Temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid

249
Q

Dendrites

A

Treelike extensions of the neurons cell body that receive electrochemical stimulation from other neurons

250
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of molecules containing atoms of different elements

251
Q

Allele

A

1 of 2 or more variations of a single gene

252
Q

phospholipid

A

type of lipid that contains 2 fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic phosphate group

253
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle tissue located in the heart and under involuntary contraction

254
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Broad – spectrum antimicrobials secreted to kill many bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens to prevent inf.

255
Q

Melting

A

Process by which solid substance liquefies due to introduction of heat

256
Q

Ion

A

Positively charged or negatively charged atom or combination of atoms

257
Q

scientific method

A

stepwise process used by researchers to design and execute experiment

258
Q

Cytoxic T cell

A

An antigen – specific killer T cell that circulates in the blood and lymph systems

259
Q

Hypertension

A

Chronic high blood pressure

260
Q

sciatic nerve

A

spinal nerve that enervate the leg

261
Q

Metal

A

General descriptive term for elements on left side of periodic table, malleable and ductile

262
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Dissolving in water

263
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond created by the sharing of electrons

264
Q

Recessive

A

Allele that expressed in phenotype of offspring only if the offspring has 2 copies of that trait

265
Q

Extensive properties

A

Physical properties that depend upon the amount of matter being measured

266
Q

Bronchi

A

Originating where the trachea splits, passages that carry air to the left and right lungs

267
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an element

268
Q

Compact bone

A

Denser tissue that comprises the shaft of long bones, supporting the body and storing calcium

269
Q

Control

A

Changing only one variable in an experiment, control is constant

270
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones that provide protection to internal organs

271
Q

Sperm

A

Male gamete

272
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Organelle that is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for translation of proteins in/out of cell

273
Q

Graduated cylinder

A

Narrow vessel used to quickly measure liquid volume

274
Q

Chemical equation

A

Symbolic representation of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction

275
Q

Organelle

A

Membrane bound compartment in a cell the performs a specific function

276
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

277
Q

Systole

A

Phase of cardiac cycle in which muscular contraction propels blood

278
Q

vas deferens

A

channel that connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

279
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient iodine intake

280
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup

281
Q

Transcription

A

First step of gene expression, segment of DNA is copied into mRNA

282
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that catalyzes chemical reaction in the body by lowering activation energy

283
Q

Immune system

A

Protects the body from foreign pathogens

284
Q

Evaporation

A

Process by which a liquid changes into a gas due to an increase in temperature and or pressure

285
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

Unit used to delineate the mass of an element

286
Q

Ileum

A

Terminal part of the small intestine and location of b12 absorption

287
Q

Fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain that ends in a carboxyl group

288
Q

vasopressin

A

hormone released by posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity. Increase water abs.

289
Q

Periodic table

A

Table of all elements ordered in specific rows and columns

290
Q

Acidity

A

Property of having excess (H+) ions

291
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone released by the adrenal medulla that induces the fight or flight response

292
Q

Sympathetic

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that manages the “fight or flight” response

293
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone cell that breaks down bone

294
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

295
Q

plasma cell

A

mature B cell that secretes a pathogen specific antibody

296
Q

Adhesion

A

Property of polar molecules to attract other substancevs

297
Q

Critical point

A

Point on a phase diagram at which gas and liquid phases of a substance have the same density

298
Q

Codominance

A

Form of inheritance in which both alleles are independently expressed

299
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Body temperature elevated above normal

300
Q

Circulatory system

A

System of organs responsible for moving blood throughout the body to enable nutrient delivery and waste r.

301
Q

Random error

A

Uncertainty introduced into a experiment due to imprecision in measurement

302
Q

Atom

A

Smallest component of an element that retains the properties of that element

303
Q

Epididymis

A

Site in the testes where sperm mature and are stored

304
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin which serves as a barrier to infections from environment/ reg. heat loss

305
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Sweat glands that are not active until puberty and are found in armpits, nipples, groin( N.A.G)

306
Q

Centrosome

A

Organelle that organizes all of the microtubules in a cell

307
Q

Metric system

A

Decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, volume and weight or mass

308
Q

Glomerulus

A

Cluster of porus capillaries through which blood components are filtered into the nephron

309
Q

Heredity

A

Passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes

310
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located above the kidneys that secrete hormones. Reg. blood pressure and fluid balance

311
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Site where secretions from different glands are mixed with sperm to produce sperm

312
Q

Nervous system

A

Transmits and coordinates signals between different parts of body, allowing body to sense ext./int.

313
Q

urine

A

fluid made by the kidneys that is expelled from body. Contains water and urea

314
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Tissue provides structure for brain, spinal cord, nerves and transmits electrical impulse

315
Q

Osteocyte

A

Bone cell that senses mechanical stress and regulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts

316
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond linking amino groups in proteins formed by removing water from the carboxyl and amino groups

317
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of the mineralized matrix that makes up the osteon

318
Q

Amino acid

A

Protein monomer consisting of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain

319
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelinating disorder that results in uncoordinated muscle movement

320
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

321
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of bone

322
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master regulatory gland of the endocrine system

323
Q

Esophageal sphincter

A

Ring shaped muscle that tightens to separate the stomach and esophagus

324
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Substance dissolved in water

325
Q

Freezing

A

Process by which a substance in a liquid transitions into a solid due to removal of heat

326
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in another substance

327
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces

328
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Released by anterior pituitary that triggers ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone

329
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide composed of glucose and stored as a form of energy

330
Q

Endothermic

A

Description of a reaction that consumes heat

331
Q

Fibrous protein

A

Non water soluble protein (keratin and collagen)

332
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle with double membrane structure responsible for production of ATP

333
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Strong flexible tissue that covers articulating surfaces of bones to cushion them at joints

334
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual, including both dominant and recessive alleles

335
Q

Amylopectin

A

Glucose polymer that is part of starch

336
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Site of new bone growth

337
Q

Malleability

A

Capacity of a material to be manipulated into different shapes

338
Q

Hair follicles

A

Columns in the skin that have a large concentration of keratin producing cells

339
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contraction of muscles that move’s material along digestive tract

340
Q

Hypothermia

A

Body temperature that is below normal

341
Q

Chitin

A

Forms exoskeleton of arthropods

342
Q

Ligaments

A

These attach bone to bone at joints

343
Q

Ovulation

A

Process that releases an ovum from the ovarian follicle

344
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

345
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone released by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium

346
Q

Negative feedback

A

Signaling loop in which end product leads to the production of less product. Most common feedback

347
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that make up living organisms

348
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Blood filtering portion of the nephron comprised of the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

349
Q

Hydrocarbon chain

A

Long strand of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a lipid

350
Q

polar molecules

A

molecules that have slight asymmetrical positive and negative charges

351
Q

pleura

A

each of a pair of tough membranes surrounding the lungs

352
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Mating between 2 individuals with different alleles of each of 2 genes

353
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone released by the pineal gland to regulate sleep

354
Q

SI System

A

Units of measure Meter, liter, gram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela

355
Q

Endorphins

A

Hormones released by anterior pituitary that inhibit the perception of pain

356
Q

Bone marrow

A

Site of red blood cells and lymphocyte production

357
Q

Granulocytes

A

Innate immune system cells containing reactive oxygen compounds and cytokines

358
Q

Interferon

A

Chemical messenger that signals to nearby cells the presence of a foreign pathogen, activates defensive meas.

359
Q

Action potentials

A

Rapid polarization of a nerve cell that generates a nerve impulse

360
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance

361
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

Heat required for a substance to transition from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature

362
Q

Gene

A

Short segment of DNA that codes for a single protein or trait

363
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Quantity of air that can be additionally exhaled following normal exhalation

364
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic protrusions in the membrane of the intestine that increase surface area for absorp.

365
Q

Disaccharide

A

Polymer that results when 2 monosaccharaides undergo dehydration synthesis

366
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine

367
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Condition of having too few platelets that can cause excessive bleeding

368
Q

Direct hormones

A

Hormones that function directly on a target to initiate a response

369
Q

Myelin

A

Protein and phospholipid coating that insulates nerve fibers and increase speed at which electrical impulse tran

370
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Blood vessel that exits the glomerulus

371
Q

Chromosomes

A

Large strands of DNA in the nucleus that each contain several genes

372
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease of bone characterized by loss of bone mineral density

373
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea

374
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaking down of food at the molecular level by means of enzymes or acid

375
Q

Active site

A

Part of an enzyme suited to bond with a substrate

376
Q

Innate arm

A

Part of the immune system that responds quickly to pathogens but does not form memory cells

377
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic channels connecting the lacunae

378
Q

Stomach

A

Hollow organ below esophagus where mechanical and chemical digestion occur

379
Q

Emphysema

A

Breakdown of the alveoli leading to increased difficulty breathing

380
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that sends and receives signals from smooth and cardiac muscle

381
Q

Hormone

A

Signaling molecule that travels through blood to enact a change when bound to receptor

382
Q

Solvent

A

Substance in which another substance is dissolved

383
Q

Causality

A

Relationship between 2 events or states such that one brings about the other

384
Q

Triple beam balance

A

Device used to make precise measurements of weight

385
Q

Substance

A

Physical matter that has uniform properties

386
Q

Liquid

A

Type of matter w/ a defined volume but not defined shape able to flow and change shape depending on surf.

387
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that filter blood to remove excess waste and water from the body

388
Q

pharynx

A

dividing point between trachea and esophagus, where the throat sense the presence of food/ swallowing

389
Q

Motor unit

A

Group of muscle fibers enervated by a single motor neuron

390
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

391
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Mating between 2 individuals with different allels of 1 gene

392
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle that is responsible for the sorting and packing of cellular proteins

393
Q

Cilia (of the cell)

A

Membranous protrusions used for cellular movement or to increase surface area

394
Q

Diploid

A

Description of a cell containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent

395
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone that released by the parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium levels

396
Q

Penis

A

Male reproductive organ

397
Q

Element

A

Pure type of matter that cannot be separated into different types of matter by ordinary chemical means

398
Q

Cilia (respiratory tract)

A

Hair like follicles that move mucus and other particles up and out of the lungs

399
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

400
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Form in which nucleotides function as a source of energy

401
Q

Active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by plasma cells

402
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood away from left ventricle, returns deoxygenated

403
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer for nucleic acids

404
Q

Fascicle (muscle)

A

Bundle of muscle fibers that is surrounded by connective tissue

405
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Tubes that connect ovaries to the uterus. Site of fertilization

406
Q

Central nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

407
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Forces that cause particles to be attracted to one another or repulsed

408
Q

Octet rule

A

Principle that most atoms will seek to have eight valence electrons

409
Q

Neutral atom

A

Atom that has the same number of protons and electrons

410
Q

Lactic acid

A

Substance produced by muscular contractions and changes muscle tissue pH,

411
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary acts on adrenal glands to stimulate hormone release

412
Q

Growth hormone

A

Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that induces growth of the organism

413
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves that transmit sensory and motor signals between spinal cord and body

414
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Signaling molecule derived from cholesterol, initiates host cell transcription and protein transl.

415
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow muscular organ that stores urine prior to its being expelled from body

416
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cell

417
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Quantity of air that can be additionally inhaled following normal inhalation

418
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle part of the small intestine where most nutrient absorption occurs

419
Q

Latent heat

A

Heat required for a substance to undergo a phase transition at constant temperature

420
Q

Genitourinary system

A

System of organs responsible for removing toxins and waste, maintaining water balance, BP, pH

421
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into its component parts

422
Q

ventricles

A

chambers of the heart that collect and expel blood from the heart

423
Q

Ribosome

A

Cellular structure composed of RNA and protein that translates messenger RNA into proteins

424
Q

Alkalinity (basicity)

A

Property of having excess (OH-) ions

425
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that reach the interior of the brain with each set of cranial nerves having a specific function

426
Q

T (transverse) tubules

A

Tunnel like extensions of the muscle membrane found in skeletal/ cardiac muscle allows conduction/ impulse

427
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the body and produces secretions

428
Q

Brain stem

A

Part of the nervous system that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and controls involuntary bod.

429
Q

Dominant

A

Description of an allele that hides the expression of the recessive allele in phenotype of the offspring

430
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Macromolecule that is a sugar or starch containing carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

431
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

Genetic blood condition that causes irregularly shaped red blood cells

432
Q

Anus

A

Terminal end of the alimentary canal and the site of solid waste excretion

433
Q

Urethra

A

Duct through which urine is expelled and in males semen flows to exit the body

434
Q

Luteal phase

A

Phase in menstrual cycle that starts following ovulation which produces progesterone to prep ovum

435
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that bonds to viral antigen

436
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Macromolecule that supplies genetic material

437
Q

Medulla

A

Part of the brain that regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart

438
Q

Diaphysis

A

Cylindrical shaft of a long bone

439
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that function on targets to stimulate hormone release

440
Q

Arthritis

A

Disease of the joints caused by the breakdown of cartilage

441
Q

Renal arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood from heart to kidneys

442
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Type of muscle tissue located in hollow organs and blood vessels and responsible for inv. Muscle contract.

443
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that mitigate bleeding by forming blood clots

444
Q

Single displacement reaction

A

Chemical reaction where 1 element or molecular ion is replaced by a different element or ion

445
Q

Anemia

A

Condition characterized by low levels of hemoglobin in the blood

446
Q

Long bones

A

Bones that support weight of body and enable movement. Hollow filled with marrow and longer> wide

447
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs in the lungs that are the site of gas exchange, facilitated by walls only 1 cell layer thick

448
Q

Diastole

A

Phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes

449
Q

phenotype

A

visible characteristics of an individual determined by genotype

450
Q

Arterioles

A

Branches of the arteries

451
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidney and site of blood filtration

452
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next

453
Q

State (of matter)

A

Distinct form assumed by matter Solid, liquid, gas

454
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain of carbohydrate monomers

455
Q

Acetylcholine (AC h)

A

Neurotransmitter that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle

456
Q

Spinal cord

A

Cylindrical column of nerves that runs through the center of the spine

457
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin which contains nerve endings, capillaries, glands, hair follicles, and other structures

458
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous sheath that surrounds and protects a bone

459
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of membrane permeable solutes down a concentration gradient

460
Q

Rectum

A

Final portion of large intestine

461
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid disease caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones resulting in weight gain and fatigue

462
Q

Gas

A

Substance with weak intermolecular forces that does not have definite shape or volume

463
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic disorder by thick mucus, difficulty breathing, and chronic lung infections

464
Q

phagocytose

A

engulf and destroy a pathogen

465
Q

progesterone

A

hormone released by corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium

466
Q

placenta

A

structure that facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between mother and developing fetus

467
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Primary sweat glands of the body

468
Q

polymers

A

multiple monomers joined together

469
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

Released by thyroid that regulate metabolism

470
Q

Respiratory system

A

System of organs that oxygenate blood and release carbon dioxide

471
Q

protein

A

macromolecule composed of amino acids

472
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of a substance such as nutrients from the intestine into the bloodstream

473
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

474
Q

Helper T cell

A

Cell that activates other adaptive immune cells

475
Q

Ureters

A

Ducts by which urine passes from kidney to bladder

476
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Vein that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

477
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

Virus responsible for AIDS

478
Q

Intramolecular forces

A

Bonds that hold a molecule together

479
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

site in testes where sperm are produced

480
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in outermost orbital of an atom

481
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Meeting of bones at a connection made of cartilage that is partly movable

482
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside brain and spinal cord, somatic and autonomic nervous systems

483
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Not dissolving in water. Characteristic of hydrocarbon chains

484
Q

Noble gas

A

Element in the group farthest to the right on the periodic table. Do not react with other elements

485
Q

Crystal

A

Solid with a high degree of molecular order

486
Q

Unsaturated

A

Describing lipid in which some carbon molecules are bound to 1 hydrogen and double bonded to adjacent carb.

487
Q

Residual volume

A

Quantity of air remaining in the lungs at all times to prevent lung collapse

488
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body toward the central nervous system

489
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones that vary in shape and structure

490
Q

Haploid

A

Description of a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

491
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes alkaline fluid to enable sperm to survive in acidic reproductive tract of females

492
Q

Follicular phase

A

Phase in the menstrual cycle in which the ovarian follicle matures

493
Q

Group

A

Column in the periodic table

494
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure of blood in the circulatory system consisting of 2 measurements Systolic and diastolic

495
Q

Directional terminology

A

Terms used to describe location of different parts of the body

496
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Movable parts of the skeleton

497
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that sends and receives signals from skeletal muscle

498
Q

Molecule

A

Group of 2 or more atoms bonded together

499
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Phagocytic cell that kills extracellular pathogens

500
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs working together to perform a specific function

TEAS (21 decks)

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