Science Flashcards
1
Q
Common bile duct
A
Tube that conveys bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum
2
Q
Hypothesis
A
Testable statement investigated in an experiment
3
Q
Adaptive arm
A
Part of the immune system that is slower to activate in response to [pathogens but targets specific ones
4
Q
phase diagram
A
graph that depicts pressure and temperature necessary for substance to undergo change in state
5
Q
Tidal Volume
A
Quantity of air that moves during normal breathing
6
Q
Surfactant
A
Detergent in lungs responsible for reducing surface tension to prevent lung collapse
7
Q
Erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells
8
Q
Negative pressure breathing
A
Inhalation of air due to a decreased pressure in lungs
9
Q
Deposition
A
Process by which gas undergoes a phase transition into a solid without going through liquid phase first
10
Q
Trachea
A
Tube that carries air from mouth and nasal cavities to lungs
11
Q
Steroid
A
Type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids
12
Q
protons
A
particles in nucleus of atom that have positive charge. Number of protons is elements atomic #
13
Q
Mixture
A
Matter that is composed of more than one substance
14
Q
Tissue
A
Cells working together for a common function
15
Q
Bias
A
Intentional or unintentional skewing of experimental results to favor a particular outcome
16
Q
Haversian canal
A
Hollow tube running down the length of osteons that contains blood vessels
17
Q
Lymphocyte
A
Type of white blood cell that releases antibodies in response to disease
18
Q
Bronchioles
A
Smaller passages formed from branching of the bronchi that carry air to the alveoli
19
Q
Neuron
A
Cell that conducts electrical impulse allowing transmittance of information from 1 part to the other
20
Q
Bile
A
Product of the liver that emulsifies fats
21
Q
villi
A
fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine
22
Q
Null hypothesis
A
Statement that assumes there is no causal relationship between independent variable
23
Q
T Cell
A
Adaptive immune system cell, born in bone marrow and matured in thymus
24
Q
Heart
A
Organ that propels blood through the circulatory system
25
vapor
substance that has been diffused into air as a gas at a temperature below its boiling point
26
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrate monomer
27
Amylose
Glucose polymer that is part of starch
28
Tricuspid valve
Valve that separates right atrium and right ventricle
29
Ovarian follicle
Structure in the ovaries that contains a developing ovum
30
Diffusion
Process by which substances and gases are exchanged across a membrane
31
Non – metal
Element on the right side of the periodic table in group 5,6,7
32
positive feedback
signaling loop which the end product leads to production of more product
33
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone released by anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation in females
34
Glucagon
Hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that increases blood glucose
35
Spongy bone
Less dense tissue located at the ends of bones that contains bone marrow
36
Lymph
Clear fluid that absorbs waste products
37
Combustion
Type of oxidation reaction
38
Asthma
Disease caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airway
39
urinary system
system of organs that filters blood and eliminates waste products through urine
40
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Organelle responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification of cellular waste products and drugs
41
Hemoglobin
Protein in erythrocytes that facilitates gas exchange by binding to oxygen and carbon dioxide
42
Nucleus (of an atom)
Central core of an atom consisting of a proton and neutron
43
Lymph nodes
Small glands that filter lymph and contain high concentrations of lymphocytes
44
Exothermic
Description of a reaction that gives off heat
45
Molecular (polyatomic) ion
Molecule with an unbalanced charge due to loss or gain of electrons
46
Synovial joints
Most common joints in the body and capable of movement
47
scrotum
sac that hangs outside the male body and contains the testes
48
Larynx
Voice box
49
Cranium
Part of the skull that houses the brain
50
Sublimation
Process where solid substance transitions into a gas without going through liquid phase
51
Period
Row of the periodic table
52
Solid
Substance with a defined shape and volume
53
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Primary genetic material inside human cells that stores genetic information
54
Cohesion
Property of polar molecules to attract other molecules of the same substance
55
Boiling point
Temperature at which liquid boils, bubbles up and turns into vapor
56
Osteoblast
Bone cell that builds bone
57
sebaceous glands
oil glands that secrete sebum, mixture of fats and proteins that prevents the skin/ hair dry out
58
Sarcomere
Contractile component of myofibril, composed of actin and myosin
59
vagus nerve
cranial nerve that transmits signals from abdominal organs to brain and helps regulate parasympathetic resp.
60
Chemical properties
Characteristics of substances that effect how a substance interacts with other matter
61
Esophagus
Portion of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach
62
Triple point
Point at which temperature and pressure allow substance to be a solid, liquid, gas
63
Natural killer (NK) cell
Attacks and kills cells that contain intracellular pathogens or display abnormal surface antigens
64
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Macromolecule that translates DNA into form that can be read to create proteins
65
seminal vesicles
glands that secrete fructose containing liquid to nourish sperm
66
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of cartilage in a joint
67
Oxidation reaction
Chemical reaction in which a reactant combines with oxygen
68
Anatomical planes
Divisions of the body into distinct halves. 3 main planes are coronal, sagittal and transverse
69
Gastrointestinal system
System of organs that converts food into nutrients that body can use
70
Intensive properties
Physical properties that are independent of the amount of matter being measured
71
Cation
Positively charged ion
72
Surfactant insufficiency
Genetic disorder caused by mutation in 1 of surfactant proteins that makes breathing difficult
73
Latent heat of vaporization
Heat required for substance to transition from liquid to a gas
74
Soma
Cell body of a neuron
75
Anal sphincter
Ring shaped muscle that tightens to control the excretion of solid waste from digestive tract
76
Cervix
Opening that connects the vagina and uterus
77
Synapse
Junction between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
78
Lysozyme
Enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls and cause them to lyse. Saliva, tears and mucus
79
Digestive system
System of organs that breaks down foods into nutrients the body can use
80
Specific heat capacity
Amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
81
pleural fluid
lubricate pleural membranes
82
Electrons
Particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom that have a negative electronic charge
83
Receptor
Protein in cells that recognizes a specific signaling molecule
84
Corpus callosum
Band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
85
Cellulose
Polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers and found in structural material of plants
86
prolactin
hormone released by anterior pituitary that acts on mammary gland of females induce milk production
87
Heterozygous
Having 2 different alleles for a trait
88
Skeletal muscle
System of bones and other tissues that protects organs, creates blood cells, provides framework of muscles
89
Lymphatic system
Network of capillaries that drains toxins and wastes away from body tissue into the blood
90
Incomplete dominance
Form of inheritance in which both heterozygous alleles are expressed
91
Acidosis
Decrease in blood pH
92
Eosinophils
Granulocytes responsible for killing parasites
93
Monomers
Building blocks of macromolecules
94
Independent variable
Parameter that is thought to affect the dependent variable and is changed between groups
95
Renal tubule
Part of the nephron where blood components are reabsorbed into bloodstream
96
Aorta
Artery that carries blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation
97
Catalyst
Substance that enhances a chemical reaction but remains unchanged upon completion of the reaction
98
Ionic bond
Bond created by the transfer of electrons
99
Capillaries
Blood vessels, smallest in body that receive blood from arterioles and return to venules
100
Pyloric sphincter
A ring shaped muscle that tightens to separate the stomach from the small intestine
101
Reproducibility
Ability to produce same results from independent experiments
102
Inflammation
Process that leads to swelling produces fevers and recruits immune cells
103
Solution
One substance that is dissolved in another
104
Neutrons
Particles in the nucleus of an atom that have no electrical charge
105
polarization
influx of positive charge inside a nerve cell that triggers an action potential
106
Electronic balance
Device used to make very precise measurements of weight
107
plasma membrane
semipermeable lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and controls movement of solutes in/ out cell
108
Memory
Bodys immune system, ability to remember a pathogen that has been previously encountered
109
Reproductive system
System of organs that produce gametes and facilitate fertilization
110
ventilation rate
rate of inhalation and exhalation per minute
111
Cytoplasm
Aqueous mixture of proteins and other biological molecules surrounds the organelles in a cell
112
Starch
Polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers and stored as energy in plants
113
polypeptide chain
multiple amino acids linked by peptide bonds and proteins primary structure
114
Thymus
Glandular lymphoid organ in which T cells mature
115
Alkalosis
Increase in blood pressure
116
Oogenesis
Process by which ova are produced by meiotic division
117
Subshell
Designation of group of orbitals that has a maximum capacity for electrons
118
Endocrine system
System of organs that produce and releases hormones that control many bodily functions
119
Congestive heart failure
Condition in which the heart can no longer pump blood effectively
120
Inferior vena cava
Vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. largest vein in the body
121
short bones
bones that provide stability and some movement and are wider than they are flat
122
Myofibril
Basic unit of a muscle cell that extends the length of the muscle
123
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood under relatively high pressure from the heart
124
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that carry the nerve impulse across a synapse
125
Atrioventricular valves
Valves that separate the atria and ventricle in the heart
126
Endometrium
Highly vascularized lining of the uterus
127
Pathogen
Foreign infectious agent
128
Epiphyses
Ends of a long bone
129
Dependent variable
Parameter that is thought to be affected by the independent variable and is measured in an experiment
130
Condensation
Process of vapor or gas converting into a liquid
131
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Hormone released by anterior pituitary that acts on thyroid to stimulate hormone release
132
Lipid
Macromolecule containing hydrocarbon chains
133
Complement system
System composed of multiple proteins in the blood that can be recruited by antibodies cause lysis
134
Atria
Chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart
135
Synovial fluid
Lubricating fluid found in synovial joints
136
Optic nerve
Cranial nerve that transmits visual stimuli from the eye to the brain
137
Lacunae
Spaces in the lamellae where bone cells reside
138
Measuring wheel
Device consisting of a single wheel attached to handle and meant to be pushed along to measure
139
Homozygous
Having to alleles of the same time
140
shell
electron subshells that share the same principle energy level
141
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Common proteins and carbohydrates found on surface of pathogens that are not specific to 1 protein
142
Total lung capacity
Maximum volume of air that can reside in the lungs
143
Adipose
Fat tissue
144
Neuropathy
Peripheral nerve damage that leads to muscle weakness and even paralysis
145
Actin
Thin filament protein of muscle tissue
146
Muscle fatigue
Result of exerting a muscle strenuously over a long period
147
Nucleolus
Substructure within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
148
Meiosis
Process of cell division in which the original cell divides twice and 4 resulting cells
149
Afferent arteriole
Blood vessel that enters the glomerulus
150
Organic molecule
Molecule containing carbon that is found in living things
151
Bolus
Chewed food
152
Nucleus (of a cell)
Site of DNA storage, as well as DNA replication and RNA transcription within cell
153
Axon
Part of the nerve cell that carries messages away from the cell body
154
Osmosis
Particular type of diffusion in which an imbalance is corrected by means of migration of the solvent
155
Axial skeleton
Part of the skeletal system that provides the general framework of the body Ex: (Skull)
156
physical properties
characteristics of substances that can be observed or measured and unrelated to chemical change
157
Control group
Group that is identical to the experimental group in that the independent variable is not changed
158
Double displacement reaction
Chemical reaction in which 2 elements or molecular ions switch places
159
Leukocytes
White blood cells, part of the bodies immune system
160
Orbital
Description of the potential path of an electron
161
Experiment
Designed procedure used to test a hypothesis
162
Chyme
Contents of the stomach as they exit that organ
163
Corpus luteum
Structure that develops from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone
164
Colon
Large intestine
165
Small intestine
Part of alimentary canal below stomach where digestion is completed and nutrient absorption
166
Punnett Square
Graphical tool used to calculate the probabilities of inheritance
167
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine, damage to the urinary tract or kidney
168
plasma
liquid component of blood in which other components are suspended
169
Atrophy
Shrinkage of myofibrils resulting from disuse of a muscle
170
Experimental group
Scientific study for which the independent variable is changed
171
pulmonary veins
veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
172
Passive immunity
Introduction of antibodies from an external source (breastfeeding)
173
Codon
Sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA molecule
174
Diabetes
Disease caused by either a lack of insulin production or dysregulation of blood glucose
175
Insulin
Hormone produced by beta cells in pancreas that induces glucose storage
176
Urea
Metabolic waste product excreted in urine
177
Myosin
Thick filament protein of muscle tissue
178
Alimentary canal
Pathway in body which food travels while being digested and absorbed
179
Salivary glands
Glands that release enzymes to initiate digestive process in mouth
180
Muscle strain
Overstretching or tearing of a muscle
181
pulmonary circuit
part of the circulatory system that carries blood to and from the lungs
182
venules
vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and merge to form veins
183
Homeostasis
Status achieved when all of the systems in the body are in balance
184
Hypodermis
Deepest layer of skin which contains blood vessels and fat tissues
185
Dehydration synthesis
Removal of water to create a covalent bond. Creates polymers
186
Mitral valve
Valve that separates left atrium from left ventricle
187
Connective tissue
Tissue that connects and supports different structures of the body
188
Organ
Group of tissues working together to perform a common function
189
Testosterone
Hormone released by the testes that induces spermatogenesis in males
190
Anterior pituitary
Endocrine gland that releases hormones that control other glands or act directly on a target
191
Testes
Structure in which male gametes are produced
192
Lysosome
Organelle that is responsible for breakdown of cellular waste products
193
Electron configuration
Description of the shells and subshells of all the electrons of an atom
194
Fibrous joints
Joints held together only by ligaments and not movable
195
Bulbourethral glands
Glands that secrete viscous fluid that lubricates male reproductive tract
196
saturated
description of lipid in which every carbon molecule is bound to 2 hydrogens
197
Brain
Organ that coordinates the nervous system
198
Peptide hormone
Signaling molecule composed of amino acids that binds to surface receptors initiating signaling cascade
199
Antigen
Microbial protein
200
Integument
The skin
201
products
substances that are the outputs of chemical reactions
202
Oxytocin
Hormone released by posterior pituitary that stimulate uterine contractions to initiate labor
203
Gastric juice
Liquid in stomach containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes
204
vaccination
introduction of harmless organisms into body to spur the formation of memory cells and produce immunity
205
Menstruation
Process during which the endometrium is shed
206
Triglyceride
Type of lipid that contains 3 fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol molecule
207
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones that may result in weight loss
208
Controlled variables
Parameters that are held constant in an experiment that the effect of the independent can be observed
209
Cecum
Pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines
210
posterior pituitary
endocrine gland that releases hormones that act directly on a target
211
Autoimmune disease
Disease in which the adaptive immune system targets healthy body cells (Type 1 diabetes)
212
Neutrophils
Granulocytes responsible for phagocytosing bacteria and mediating inflammatory responses
213
vital capacity
sum of the tidal, inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes of air in the lungs
214
B cell
Adaptive immune system cell that develops into a plasma cell and secretes 1 specific antibody
215
Diffusion rate
Speed of movement down a concentration gradient
216
Calories
Energy needed to increase temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 decree Celsius
217
self tolerant
description of the fact that a healthy adaptive immune system doesn’t respond to normal cellular antigens
218
Synthesis (direct combination) reaction
Chemical reaction in which more than 1 reactant component combines to form product
219
Translation
Decoding of mRNA by ribosome to produce specific amino acid chain
220
vagina
passage between cervix and external genitalia in females
221
Estrogen
Hormone released by the ovaries that induces the thickening of the endometrium
222
Spermatogenesis
Process by which sperm are produced through meiotic division
223
Globular protein
Water soluble protein (Hemoglobin)
224
Hydrolysis
Addition of water to break a covalent bond releasing energy in a polymer
225
Muscular system
System of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle that permits movement and circulate blood
226
Efferent (motor) neurons
Neurons that carry sensory information from the central nervous system toward the muscles of the bo.
227
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease which immune cells attack cartilage in joints
228
Ovum (ova)
Female gamete or egg
229
Reactants
Substance that are the inputs to chemical reactions
230
Density
Intensive property that equals mass per unit volume
231
Aldosterone
Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that induces sodium reabsorption in distal conv. Tubule
232
Closed circulatory system
Double loop path of the blood throughout the human body
233
Integumentary system
System of organs comprised of skin, hair, nails and accessory glands
234
Cerebrum
Part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement
235
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Genetic disorder that results in bones that are easily broken
236
Muscular tissue
Tissue that provides movement 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
237
pH
measure of acidity or alkalinity
238
Digestion
Chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller compounds that can be used by the body
239
Bowmans Capsule
Part of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus
240
Basophils
Granulocytes responsible for releasing histamine and mediating allergic reactions
241
Macrophage
Cell that digests dying cells, in spleen found most commonly
242
Flora
Nonpathogenic microbes that compete for resources with pathogenic organisms
243
Mitosis
Process of cell division that result in 2 identical daughter cells from a single parent
244
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Disease caused by human immunodeficienct virus (HIV)
245
Ischemia
Damage to muscle tissue due to inadequate blood flow
246
veins
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
247
Parasympathetic
Division of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to a resting state
248
Melting point
Temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid
249
Dendrites
Treelike extensions of the neurons cell body that receive electrochemical stimulation from other neurons
250
Compound
Substance composed of molecules containing atoms of different elements
251
Allele
1 of 2 or more variations of a single gene
252
phospholipid
type of lipid that contains 2 fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic phosphate group
253
Cardiac muscle
Muscle tissue located in the heart and under involuntary contraction
254
Antimicrobial peptides
Broad – spectrum antimicrobials secreted to kill many bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens to prevent inf.
255
Melting
Process by which solid substance liquefies due to introduction of heat
256
Ion
Positively charged or negatively charged atom or combination of atoms
257
scientific method
stepwise process used by researchers to design and execute experiment
258
Cytoxic T cell
An antigen – specific killer T cell that circulates in the blood and lymph systems
259
Hypertension
Chronic high blood pressure
260
sciatic nerve
spinal nerve that enervate the leg
261
Metal
General descriptive term for elements on left side of periodic table, malleable and ductile
262
Hydrophilic
Dissolving in water
263
Covalent bond
Bond created by the sharing of electrons
264
Recessive
Allele that expressed in phenotype of offspring only if the offspring has 2 copies of that trait
265
Extensive properties
Physical properties that depend upon the amount of matter being measured
266
Bronchi
Originating where the trachea splits, passages that carry air to the left and right lungs
267
Atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus of an element
268
Compact bone
Denser tissue that comprises the shaft of long bones, supporting the body and storing calcium
269
Control
Changing only one variable in an experiment, control is constant
270
Flat bones
Bones that provide protection to internal organs
271
Sperm
Male gamete
272
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Organelle that is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for translation of proteins in/out of cell
273
Graduated cylinder
Narrow vessel used to quickly measure liquid volume
274
Chemical equation
Symbolic representation of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction
275
Organelle
Membrane bound compartment in a cell the performs a specific function
276
Anion
Negatively charged ion
277
Systole
Phase of cardiac cycle in which muscular contraction propels blood
278
vas deferens
channel that connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
279
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient iodine intake
280
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
281
Transcription
First step of gene expression, segment of DNA is copied into mRNA
282
Enzyme
Protein that catalyzes chemical reaction in the body by lowering activation energy
283
Immune system
Protects the body from foreign pathogens
284
Evaporation
Process by which a liquid changes into a gas due to an increase in temperature and or pressure
285
Atomic mass unit
Unit used to delineate the mass of an element
286
Ileum
Terminal part of the small intestine and location of b12 absorption
287
Fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chain that ends in a carboxyl group
288
vasopressin
hormone released by posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity. Increase water abs.
289
Periodic table
Table of all elements ordered in specific rows and columns
290
Acidity
Property of having excess (H+) ions
291
Epinephrine
Hormone released by the adrenal medulla that induces the fight or flight response
292
Sympathetic
Division of the autonomic nervous system that manages the “fight or flight” response
293
Osteoclast
Bone cell that breaks down bone
294
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
295
plasma cell
mature B cell that secretes a pathogen specific antibody
296
Adhesion
Property of polar molecules to attract other substancevs
297
Critical point
Point on a phase diagram at which gas and liquid phases of a substance have the same density
298
Codominance
Form of inheritance in which both alleles are independently expressed
299
Hyperthermia
Body temperature elevated above normal
300
Circulatory system
System of organs responsible for moving blood throughout the body to enable nutrient delivery and waste r.
301
Random error
Uncertainty introduced into a experiment due to imprecision in measurement
302
Atom
Smallest component of an element that retains the properties of that element
303
Epididymis
Site in the testes where sperm mature and are stored
304
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin which serves as a barrier to infections from environment/ reg. heat loss
305
Apocrine glands
Sweat glands that are not active until puberty and are found in armpits, nipples, groin( N.A.G)
306
Centrosome
Organelle that organizes all of the microtubules in a cell
307
Metric system
Decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, volume and weight or mass
308
Glomerulus
Cluster of porus capillaries through which blood components are filtered into the nephron
309
Heredity
Passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes
310
Adrenal glands
Endocrine glands located above the kidneys that secrete hormones. Reg. blood pressure and fluid balance
311
Ejaculatory Duct
Site where secretions from different glands are mixed with sperm to produce sperm
312
Nervous system
Transmits and coordinates signals between different parts of body, allowing body to sense ext./int.
313
urine
fluid made by the kidneys that is expelled from body. Contains water and urea
314
Nervous tissue
Tissue provides structure for brain, spinal cord, nerves and transmits electrical impulse
315
Osteocyte
Bone cell that senses mechanical stress and regulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts
316
Peptide bond
Bond linking amino groups in proteins formed by removing water from the carboxyl and amino groups
317
Lamellae
Concentric rings of the mineralized matrix that makes up the osteon
318
Amino acid
Protein monomer consisting of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain
319
Multiple sclerosis
Demyelinating disorder that results in uncoordinated muscle movement
320
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
321
Osteon
Functional unit of bone
322
Hypothalamus
Master regulatory gland of the endocrine system
323
Esophageal sphincter
Ring shaped muscle that tightens to separate the stomach and esophagus
324
Aqueous solution
Substance dissolved in water
325
Freezing
Process by which a substance in a liquid transitions into a solid due to removal of heat
326
Solute
Substance that is dissolved in another substance
327
Mechanical digestion
The physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces
328
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Released by anterior pituitary that triggers ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone
329
Glycogen
Polysaccharide composed of glucose and stored as a form of energy
330
Endothermic
Description of a reaction that consumes heat
331
Fibrous protein
Non water soluble protein (keratin and collagen)
332
Mitochondria
Organelle with double membrane structure responsible for production of ATP
333
Hyaline cartilage
Strong flexible tissue that covers articulating surfaces of bones to cushion them at joints
334
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual, including both dominant and recessive alleles
335
Amylopectin
Glucose polymer that is part of starch
336
Epiphyseal plate
Site of new bone growth
337
Malleability
Capacity of a material to be manipulated into different shapes
338
Hair follicles
Columns in the skin that have a large concentration of keratin producing cells
339
Peristalsis
Wavelike contraction of muscles that move’s material along digestive tract
340
Hypothermia
Body temperature that is below normal
341
Chitin
Forms exoskeleton of arthropods
342
Ligaments
These attach bone to bone at joints
343
Ovulation
Process that releases an ovum from the ovarian follicle
344
Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
345
Calcitonin
Hormone released by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium
346
Negative feedback
Signaling loop in which end product leads to the production of less product. Most common feedback
347
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that make up living organisms
348
Renal corpuscle
Blood filtering portion of the nephron comprised of the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule
349
Hydrocarbon chain
Long strand of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a lipid
350
polar molecules
molecules that have slight asymmetrical positive and negative charges
351
pleura
each of a pair of tough membranes surrounding the lungs
352
Dihybrid cross
Mating between 2 individuals with different alleles of each of 2 genes
353
Melatonin
Hormone released by the pineal gland to regulate sleep
354
SI System
Units of measure Meter, liter, gram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela
355
Endorphins
Hormones released by anterior pituitary that inhibit the perception of pain
356
Bone marrow
Site of red blood cells and lymphocyte production
357
Granulocytes
Innate immune system cells containing reactive oxygen compounds and cytokines
358
Interferon
Chemical messenger that signals to nearby cells the presence of a foreign pathogen, activates defensive meas.
359
Action potentials
Rapid polarization of a nerve cell that generates a nerve impulse
360
Cerebellum
Part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance
361
Latent heat of fusion
Heat required for a substance to transition from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature
362
Gene
Short segment of DNA that codes for a single protein or trait
363
Expiratory reserve volume
Quantity of air that can be additionally exhaled following normal exhalation
364
Microvilli
Microscopic protrusions in the membrane of the intestine that increase surface area for absorp.
365
Disaccharide
Polymer that results when 2 monosaccharaides undergo dehydration synthesis
366
Duodenum
First part of the small intestine
367
Thrombocytopenia
Condition of having too few platelets that can cause excessive bleeding
368
Direct hormones
Hormones that function directly on a target to initiate a response
369
Myelin
Protein and phospholipid coating that insulates nerve fibers and increase speed at which electrical impulse tran
370
Efferent arteriole
Blood vessel that exits the glomerulus
371
Chromosomes
Large strands of DNA in the nucleus that each contain several genes
372
Osteoporosis
Disease of bone characterized by loss of bone mineral density
373
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage in the pharynx that prevents food from entering the trachea
374
Chemical digestion
Breaking down of food at the molecular level by means of enzymes or acid
375
Active site
Part of an enzyme suited to bond with a substrate
376
Innate arm
Part of the immune system that responds quickly to pathogens but does not form memory cells
377
Canaliculi
Microscopic channels connecting the lacunae
378
Stomach
Hollow organ below esophagus where mechanical and chemical digestion occur
379
Emphysema
Breakdown of the alveoli leading to increased difficulty breathing
380
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that sends and receives signals from smooth and cardiac muscle
381
Hormone
Signaling molecule that travels through blood to enact a change when bound to receptor
382
Solvent
Substance in which another substance is dissolved
383
Causality
Relationship between 2 events or states such that one brings about the other
384
Triple beam balance
Device used to make precise measurements of weight
385
Substance
Physical matter that has uniform properties
386
Liquid
Type of matter w/ a defined volume but not defined shape able to flow and change shape depending on surf.
387
Kidneys
Organs that filter blood to remove excess waste and water from the body
388
pharynx
dividing point between trachea and esophagus, where the throat sense the presence of food/ swallowing
389
Motor unit
Group of muscle fibers enervated by a single motor neuron
390
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
391
Monohybrid cross
Mating between 2 individuals with different allels of 1 gene
392
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that is responsible for the sorting and packing of cellular proteins
393
Cilia (of the cell)
Membranous protrusions used for cellular movement or to increase surface area
394
Diploid
Description of a cell containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent
395
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone that released by the parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium levels
396
Penis
Male reproductive organ
397
Element
Pure type of matter that cannot be separated into different types of matter by ordinary chemical means
398
Cilia (respiratory tract)
Hair like follicles that move mucus and other particles up and out of the lungs
399
Eukaryotic
Type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
400
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Form in which nucleotides function as a source of energy
401
Active immunity
Production of antibodies by plasma cells
402
Systemic circuit
Part of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood away from left ventricle, returns deoxygenated
403
Nucleotide
Monomer for nucleic acids
404
Fascicle (muscle)
Bundle of muscle fibers that is surrounded by connective tissue
405
Fallopian tubes
Tubes that connect ovaries to the uterus. Site of fertilization
406
Central nervous system
Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
407
Intermolecular forces
Forces that cause particles to be attracted to one another or repulsed
408
Octet rule
Principle that most atoms will seek to have eight valence electrons
409
Neutral atom
Atom that has the same number of protons and electrons
410
Lactic acid
Substance produced by muscular contractions and changes muscle tissue pH,
411
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Hormone released by anterior pituitary acts on adrenal glands to stimulate hormone release
412
Growth hormone
Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that induces growth of the organism
413
Spinal nerves
Nerves that transmit sensory and motor signals between spinal cord and body
414
Steroid hormone
Signaling molecule derived from cholesterol, initiates host cell transcription and protein transl.
415
Urinary bladder
Hollow muscular organ that stores urine prior to its being expelled from body
416
Gametes
Reproductive cell
417
Inspiratory reserve volume
Quantity of air that can be additionally inhaled following normal inhalation
418
Jejunum
Middle part of the small intestine where most nutrient absorption occurs
419
Latent heat
Heat required for a substance to undergo a phase transition at constant temperature
420
Genitourinary system
System of organs responsible for removing toxins and waste, maintaining water balance, BP, pH
421
Decomposition reaction
Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into its component parts
422
ventricles
chambers of the heart that collect and expel blood from the heart
423
Ribosome
Cellular structure composed of RNA and protein that translates messenger RNA into proteins
424
Alkalinity (basicity)
Property of having excess (OH-) ions
425
Cranial nerves
Nerves that reach the interior of the brain with each set of cranial nerves having a specific function
426
T (transverse) tubules
Tunnel like extensions of the muscle membrane found in skeletal/ cardiac muscle allows conduction/ impulse
427
Epithelial tissue
Covers the body and produces secretions
428
Brain stem
Part of the nervous system that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and controls involuntary bod.
429
Dominant
Description of an allele that hides the expression of the recessive allele in phenotype of the offspring
430
Carbohydrate
Macromolecule that is a sugar or starch containing carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
431
Sickle cell trait
Genetic blood condition that causes irregularly shaped red blood cells
432
Anus
Terminal end of the alimentary canal and the site of solid waste excretion
433
Urethra
Duct through which urine is expelled and in males semen flows to exit the body
434
Luteal phase
Phase in menstrual cycle that starts following ovulation which produces progesterone to prep ovum
435
Antibody
Protein that bonds to viral antigen
436
Nucleic acid
Macromolecule that supplies genetic material
437
Medulla
Part of the brain that regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart
438
Diaphysis
Cylindrical shaft of a long bone
439
Tropic hormones
Hormones that function on targets to stimulate hormone release
440
Arthritis
Disease of the joints caused by the breakdown of cartilage
441
Renal arteries
Vessels that carry blood from heart to kidneys
442
Smooth muscle
Type of muscle tissue located in hollow organs and blood vessels and responsible for inv. Muscle contract.
443
platelets
cell fragments that mitigate bleeding by forming blood clots
444
Single displacement reaction
Chemical reaction where 1 element or molecular ion is replaced by a different element or ion
445
Anemia
Condition characterized by low levels of hemoglobin in the blood
446
Long bones
Bones that support weight of body and enable movement. Hollow filled with marrow and longer> wide
447
Alveoli
Small sacs in the lungs that are the site of gas exchange, facilitated by walls only 1 cell layer thick
448
Diastole
Phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes
449
phenotype
visible characteristics of an individual determined by genotype
450
Arterioles
Branches of the arteries
451
Nephron
Functional unit of kidney and site of blood filtration
452
Cardiac cycle
Period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next
453
State (of matter)
Distinct form assumed by matter Solid, liquid, gas
454
polysaccharide
long chain of carbohydrate monomers
455
Acetylcholine (AC h)
Neurotransmitter that triggers contraction of skeletal muscle
456
Spinal cord
Cylindrical column of nerves that runs through the center of the spine
457
Dermis
Middle layer of skin which contains nerve endings, capillaries, glands, hair follicles, and other structures
458
Periosteum
Fibrous sheath that surrounds and protects a bone
459
Simple diffusion
Movement of membrane permeable solutes down a concentration gradient
460
Rectum
Final portion of large intestine
461
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid disease caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones resulting in weight gain and fatigue
462
Gas
Substance with weak intermolecular forces that does not have definite shape or volume
463
Cystic fibrosis
Genetic disorder by thick mucus, difficulty breathing, and chronic lung infections
464
phagocytose
engulf and destroy a pathogen
465
progesterone
hormone released by corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium
466
placenta
structure that facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between mother and developing fetus
467
Eccrine glands
Primary sweat glands of the body
468
polymers
multiple monomers joined together
469
Thyroid hormones
Released by thyroid that regulate metabolism
470
Respiratory system
System of organs that oxygenate blood and release carbon dioxide
471
protein
macromolecule composed of amino acids
472
Absorption
Movement of a substance such as nutrients from the intestine into the bloodstream
473
Activation energy
Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
474
Helper T cell
Cell that activates other adaptive immune cells
475
Ureters
Ducts by which urine passes from kidney to bladder
476
Hepatic portal vein
Vein that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver
477
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Virus responsible for AIDS
478
Intramolecular forces
Bonds that hold a molecule together
479
seminiferous tubules
site in testes where sperm are produced
480
valence electrons
electrons in outermost orbital of an atom
481
Cartilaginous joints
Meeting of bones at a connection made of cartilage that is partly movable
482
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside brain and spinal cord, somatic and autonomic nervous systems
483
Hydrophobic
Not dissolving in water. Characteristic of hydrocarbon chains
484
Noble gas
Element in the group farthest to the right on the periodic table. Do not react with other elements
485
Crystal
Solid with a high degree of molecular order
486
Unsaturated
Describing lipid in which some carbon molecules are bound to 1 hydrogen and double bonded to adjacent carb.
487
Residual volume
Quantity of air remaining in the lungs at all times to prevent lung collapse
488
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Neurons that carry sensory information from the body toward the central nervous system
489
Irregular bones
Bones that vary in shape and structure
490
Haploid
Description of a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
491
prostate gland
secretes alkaline fluid to enable sperm to survive in acidic reproductive tract of females
492
Follicular phase
Phase in the menstrual cycle in which the ovarian follicle matures
493
Group
Column in the periodic table
494
Blood pressure
Pressure of blood in the circulatory system consisting of 2 measurements Systolic and diastolic
495
Directional terminology
Terms used to describe location of different parts of the body
496
Appendicular skeleton
Movable parts of the skeleton
497
Somatic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that sends and receives signals from skeletal muscle
498
Molecule
Group of 2 or more atoms bonded together
499
Dendritic cell
Phagocytic cell that kills extracellular pathogens
500
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform a specific function
