Science 9 Final Flashcards
What are the cell structures involved in cell division
Centrioles
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Cell membrane
What is the structure of DNA
Rungs are Amanine thymine
Guanine cytosine
Side parts are made of phosphates and sugars
How are proteins made
Transcription: copying information from DNA to RNA
Translation: codes to a amino acids
What are the stages of the cell cycle and what happens
S phase. Makes DNA G 1 chemicals get ready G2 forms extra chromosomes Those 3 are part of interphase Mitosis
What is the importance of cell division
Growth repair and reproduction
What happens in prophase
Prophase–chromosomes coil and connect to spindle fibres , nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibres stretch across cell, centrioles move apart
Compare mitosis in plant and and animal cells
- Animal cells change shape before division, plants don’t
- Number of hormones induces animal cell division, plants induced by cytokinin
- centriomes are essential for animal, centriomes do not occur in plant
- spindle fibres degenerate by cytokinesis in animal, major part of spindle fibres are still there by cytokinesis in plants
Mutations and cancer
If a mutation occurs in a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint protein, cell cycle control will be lost. Mutated cell may divide uncontrollably. Cancer is the name given to certain diseases resulting from an uncontrollable cell division of a mutated cell.
What is binary fission
Binary fission–single parent cell replicates it’s genetic material into 2 equal parts.(one celled organism)
What are the stages of meiosis 1 and 2
Meiosis 1:
Crossing over
Gamete formation
meiosis 2, it will divide resulting in 4 cells
What are the methods of sexual reproduction
Conjugation–transfer of genetic material between cells.
Hermaphrodites–has both male and female reproductive organs.
Separate sexes–organism has either female or male sex organs.
Internal fertilization–sperm cells are deposited inside the female’s body where they meet an egg cell.
External fertilization–sperm and egg cell meet outside the body.
What is a zygote
Fertilized egg.
First step of development of new organism
What are reproductive technologies in breeding?
Selective breeding
Artificial insemination
What are the male sex parts and functions
Testicles–make sperm
Epididymis–where sperm mature
Ampulla–sperm are stored
Ejaculatory duct–where sperm go during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles–releases secretions that mix with sperm in ejaculatory duct.
Prostate gland– adds more secretion to sperm in urethra
Cowper’s gland– adds fluid that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra
What are male secondary sex characteristics
More pronounced body hair Heavier musculature Angular features Muscular pectorals Less fat tissue Deeper voice
Where is sperm produced and the stages
Sperm is created in Testicles
Outer cells of seminiferous tubules turn into spermatogonia, which divide to form spermocytes, witch develop into sperm.
Female sex parts and functions
Ovaries–formation of ova begins
Fimbrae– finger like things that draws the ovum into the Fallopian tube.
Cervix–base of uterus
What are secondary sex characteristics of females
Less pronounced body hair(thinner than male body hair) Lighter musculature Rounder features Wider hips More pronounced breasts More fat tissue Higher voices
What is the egg cycle.
- Ovaries of s newborn contain primary follicles and oocytes
- When sexual maturity is reached follicles mature during follicular stage.
- mature follicle is called the Graafian follicle,it ruptures,releasing the secondary oocytes, process is called ovulation. Remaining follicular cells become corpus leuteum.
What happens in menstruation
- proliferative phase–ovary is in follicular phase-
- secretory phase– corpus luteum makes hormones, gets nutrients
- no pregnancy–corpus luteum dies, uterine lining dies
What happens in each trimester
First trimester–organ systems form , brain and spinal cord developing, bone cells are forming
Second trimester–fetus grows rapidly
Third trimester–fetus continues to grow, including significant growth to brain, fat is deposited.
What are stem cells
Stem cells are cells are in triggered cells, so they can be any type.
What is a karyotype
The number and visual appearance of chromosomes in a cell nuclei of an organism or species
Complete set of chromosomes
What is a sex chromosome
Chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism
XX=female XY=male
What are the prenatal procedures
Ultrasound
******
What are the human reproductive technology
In vitro–fertilizing egg in Petri dish then is later placed in women’s uterus
Gamete intrafallopian transfer–woman’s egg. cells are removed, mixed with sperm, than injected in woman’s Fallopian tube
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection–single sperm cell is injected into an egg cell, then inserted into a uterus of the woman
What are the classifications of matter
Pure substances:elements compounds:metals non metals, metaliods, noble gases
Mixture: homozygous mixtures, heterozygous mixtures
What are pysical properties
Can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter
What are chemical properties
Any of a material’s properties that become evident after or during a chemical reaction
What is a physical change
A change not involving a change n the substance’s chemical identity
What is a chemical changes
Any change that results in the formation of a new chemical substance
What is the kinetic molecular theory
- all matter is made of particles
- there is empty space between particles
- particles are constantly moving
- energy makes particles move
How are the particles different from a solid, liquid, and gas
Solid–particles are tightly packed together they can’t move freely
Liquid–particles are farther apart and move by sliding past each other
Gas–particles are far apart and move around quickly
What is the history of chemistry
What are the classification of the elements
Metals, non metals, metaloids, noble gases
What did Mendeleev do
He created his own version of the periodic table(the one we use). He used cards and layer them out by atomic mass
What did dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, and Bohr discover
Dalton- matter is made up of atoms
Thompson- discovered electrons
Rutherford- discovered atoms had a nucleus
Bohr-energy levels of electrons are discrete and that electrons revolve in stable orbits around the nucleus. Also that the electrons can jump to different orbits
What is the standard atomic notation
Shows:
Chemical symbol
The mass
Atomic number of isotope
How is the periodic table organized
In horizontal rows by order of increasing atomic number. In vertical rows they are organized into groups with elements with similar physical characteristics
What are ionic compounds
Ions held together by electrostatic forces.
What does a chemical formula show
The number of different atoms in a single molecule of a chemical compound
What are the chemical families
Alkali metals Metals Non metals Metalloids Akaline earth metals Noble gases
What is a static charge
A charge that stays in place for some time
What are the types of electric charge
Positive
Neutral
Negative
What is the electrostatic series
As a substance is rubbed against another, electrons will be transferred from one substance to another.
The one that gains electrons will become negative
The one that loses will become positive
What are the different ways of charging
Friction– rubbing causes the electrons to be transferred from one substance to another. Resulting in one positive and one negative
Conduction–involves touching a charged object to a neutral one.
Induction–putting a charged object near but not touching to a neutral one. The presence of a charged object near a neutral one will force the electrons within the conductor to move
What are insulators and conductors
Insulators–used to protect us from the harmful effect if electricity. Electric flow can’t flow freely
Conductors– electric flow can flow freely
What is electric force
An attractive or an repulsive force between 2 objects
What are the applications of static charge
Laser printers
Pollution control
Air fresheners
Painting cars
What is current electricity
A flow of electricity
What are the three parts of an electric circuit
Energy source
Load
Connecting wires
What is an conventional current versus an electric flow
Conventional current: assumes that current flows out of the positive terminal, through the circuit, to the negative terminal. Though is wrong
Electron flow:electrons flow out of negative terminal, Through the circuit, to the positive terminal
What is DC and AC
DC: an electric flowing in only One Direction.
AC: an electric current changes directions many times a second.
What is a current.
A flow of electric charge.
Measured in ampere
What is voltage
An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts
Measured in joules or volts.
What is the electric force?
An attractive or a repulsive force between 2 objects.
What are applications for static charge?
laser printers
pollution control
air fresheners
painting cars
What is a conventional current vs an electric flow.
Conventional current: current flows out of positive terminal, through the circuit, to the negative terminal.
Electron flow: electrons flow out of negative terminal, through the circuit, to the positive terminal.
What is AC and DC
DC: an electric current flowing in only in one direction
AC: Am electric current that changes directions many times a second.
What is a current
A flow of electric charge.
measured in ampres.
What are the three parts of an electric circuit?
Energy source
Load
connecting wires
What is voltage
An electromotive force or potential difference.
Measured in volts.
What are resisters
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits.
What is Ohm’s law?
What is Ohm’s law?
Ohm’s law is made from 3 mathematical equations that show the relationship between electric voltage, current, and resistance.
V=I x R R=V / I I= V / R
What is measured in ohm’s
Resistance
What are earth’s motions and their effects.
rotation/revolution
Gives us nights, days, years, seasons
What are circumpolar constellations?
Constellations that never set from the viewer’s perspective.
What are the moon’s phases
The shape of the moon’s sunlight portion
New moon– when moon is positioned between earth and sun
First quarter and third quarter–when moon is at a 90 degree angle to the earth and sun.
Crestent– less than half the moon is sunlight
Gibbous– over half of moon is sunlight
What is a lunar eclipse?
When the earth casts a shadow on the moon.
What are theories of how the solar system was created?
The Big Bang theory– billions of years ago a tiny piece of space expanded rapidly. In a very short time all the matter and the energy in the universe was formed.
What are minor bodies?
object in solar system that is not a planet, dwarf planet, star, or satellite. asteroid–small rocky body orbiting the sun
comets– dusty “snowballs” that orbit the sun meteoroids– small body moving in atmosphere. If entered earth’s atmosphere would become a meteorite.
What are the planets and there characteristics?
-Mercury–small rocky planet, slightly larger than earths moon.
-Venus– third brightest object in sky, size similar to earth, covered in clouds made from sulphuric acid. -Earth–only planet with life. has gravity and atmosphere -Mars–red appearance, diameter is half the size of earth.
-Jupiter– largest planet in solar system
-Saturn– has ring
-Uranus –ice giant -Neptune–is blue. Made of
ice, rocks, gasses, and liquids
Characteristics of Mercury
small rocky
slightly larger than Earth’s moon
Characteristics of Venus
Third brightest object in the sky
Similar size to earth
Covered in clouds made of sulphuric acid
Characteristics of Earth
Only planet with life
Has gravity and atmosphere
Characteristics of Mars
Red
Half the diameter of earth
Characteristics of Jupiter
Largest planet in solar system
Characteristics of Saturn
Has rings
Characteristics of Uranus
Ice giant
Characteristics of Neptune
Blue
Made of ice, rocks gasses and liquids
What is budding
Budding–undergo repeated mitosis and cell division, to form an identical organism. (Multi cell organism)
Fragmentation
Fragmentation–if an organism breaks apart as a result from an injury, the fragment turns into a clone of it’s parent
What is vegetative reproductive
Vegetative reproduction – special cells usually in plant stem or root, divide repeatedly to form structures that will eventually develop into a plant identical to parent
What is spore formation
Spore formation– form single celled spores, a spore is a reproductive cell that forms into a new organism by mitosis.
What happens in metaphase
Metaphase–tugging of spindle fibres pulls x-shaped chromosomes into a single line across cell.
What happens in anaphase
Anaphase–spindle fibres contract causing the centromere to get pulled apart, sister chromatids go to opposite sides of cell
What happens in telophase
Telophase–set of chromosomes at each end of cell, spindle fibres
Disappear, nuclear membrane firms around chromosomes. Nucleolus appears in each nucleus.
