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Science 9 Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the cell structures involved in cell division

A

Centrioles
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Cell membrane

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

Rungs are Amanine thymine
Guanine cytosine
Side parts are made of phosphates and sugars

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3
Q

How are proteins made

A

Transcription: copying information from DNA to RNA
Translation: codes to a amino acids

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4
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle and what happens

A 
S phase. Makes DNA 
G 1 chemicals get ready
G2 forms extra chromosomes
 Those 3 are part of interphase 
Mitosis
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5
Q

What is the importance of cell division

A

Growth repair and reproduction

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6
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Prophase–chromosomes coil and connect to spindle fibres , nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibres stretch across cell, centrioles move apart

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7
Q

Compare mitosis in plant and and animal cells

A
  • Animal cells change shape before division, plants don’t
  • Number of hormones induces animal cell division, plants induced by cytokinin
  • centriomes are essential for animal, centriomes do not occur in plant
  • spindle fibres degenerate by cytokinesis in animal, major part of spindle fibres are still there by cytokinesis in plants
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8
Q

Mutations and cancer

A

If a mutation occurs in a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint protein, cell cycle control will be lost. Mutated cell may divide uncontrollably. Cancer is the name given to certain diseases resulting from an uncontrollable cell division of a mutated cell.

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9
Q

What is binary fission

A

Binary fission–single parent cell replicates it’s genetic material into 2 equal parts.(one celled organism)

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10
Q

What are the stages of meiosis 1 and 2

A

Meiosis 1:
Crossing over
Gamete formation
meiosis 2, it will divide resulting in 4 cells

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11
Q

What are the methods of sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation–transfer of genetic material between cells.
Hermaphrodites–has both male and female reproductive organs.
Separate sexes–organism has either female or male sex organs.
Internal fertilization–sperm cells are deposited inside the female’s body where they meet an egg cell.
External fertilization–sperm and egg cell meet outside the body.

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12
Q

What is a zygote

A

Fertilized egg.

First step of development of new organism

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13
Q

What are reproductive technologies in breeding?

A

Selective breeding

Artificial insemination

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14
Q

What are the male sex parts and functions

A

Testicles–make sperm
Epididymis–where sperm mature
Ampulla–sperm are stored
Ejaculatory duct–where sperm go during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles–releases secretions that mix with sperm in ejaculatory duct.
Prostate gland– adds more secretion to sperm in urethra
Cowper’s gland– adds fluid that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra

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15
Q

What are male secondary sex characteristics

A 
More pronounced body hair
Heavier musculature 
Angular features
Muscular pectorals
Less fat tissue
Deeper voice
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16
Q

Where is sperm produced and the stages

A

Sperm is created in Testicles

Outer cells of seminiferous tubules turn into spermatogonia, which divide to form spermocytes, witch develop into sperm.

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17
Q

Female sex parts and functions

A

Ovaries–formation of ova begins
Fimbrae– finger like things that draws the ovum into the Fallopian tube.
Cervix–base of uterus

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18
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics of females

A 
Less pronounced body hair(thinner than male body hair)
Lighter musculature
Rounder features
Wider hips
More pronounced breasts 
More fat tissue
Higher voices
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19
Q

What is the egg cycle.

A
  • Ovaries of s newborn contain primary follicles and oocytes
  • When sexual maturity is reached follicles mature during follicular stage.
  • mature follicle is called the Graafian follicle,it ruptures,releasing the secondary oocytes, process is called ovulation. Remaining follicular cells become corpus leuteum.
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20
Q

What happens in menstruation

A
  • proliferative phase–ovary is in follicular phase-
  • secretory phase– corpus luteum makes hormones, gets nutrients
  • no pregnancy–corpus luteum dies, uterine lining dies
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21
Q

What happens in each trimester

A

First trimester–organ systems form , brain and spinal cord developing, bone cells are forming
Second trimester–fetus grows rapidly
Third trimester–fetus continues to grow, including significant growth to brain, fat is deposited.

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22
Q

What are stem cells

A

Stem cells are cells are in triggered cells, so they can be any type.

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23
Q

What is a karyotype

A

The number and visual appearance of chromosomes in a cell nuclei of an organism or species
Complete set of chromosomes

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24
Q

What is a sex chromosome

A

Chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism

XX=female XY=male

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25
Q

What are the prenatal procedures

A

Ultrasound

******

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26
Q

What are the human reproductive technology

A

In vitro–fertilizing egg in Petri dish then is later placed in women’s uterus
Gamete intrafallopian transfer–woman’s egg. cells are removed, mixed with sperm, than injected in woman’s Fallopian tube
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection–single sperm cell is injected into an egg cell, then inserted into a uterus of the woman

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27
Q

What are the classifications of matter

A

Pure substances:elements compounds:metals non metals, metaliods, noble gases
Mixture: homozygous mixtures, heterozygous mixtures

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28
Q

What are pysical properties

A

Can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter

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29
Q

What are chemical properties

A

Any of a material’s properties that become evident after or during a chemical reaction

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30
Q

What is a physical change

A

A change not involving a change n the substance’s chemical identity

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31
Q

What is a chemical changes

A

Any change that results in the formation of a new chemical substance

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32
Q

What is the kinetic molecular theory

A
  • all matter is made of particles
  • there is empty space between particles
  • particles are constantly moving
  • energy makes particles move
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33
Q

How are the particles different from a solid, liquid, and gas

A

Solid–particles are tightly packed together they can’t move freely
Liquid–particles are farther apart and move by sliding past each other
Gas–particles are far apart and move around quickly

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34
Q

What is the history of chemistry

A
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35
Q

What are the classification of the elements

A

Metals, non metals, metaloids, noble gases

36
Q

What did Mendeleev do

A

He created his own version of the periodic table(the one we use). He used cards and layer them out by atomic mass

37
Q

What did dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, and Bohr discover

A

Dalton- matter is made up of atoms
Thompson- discovered electrons
Rutherford- discovered atoms had a nucleus
Bohr-energy levels of electrons are discrete and that electrons revolve in stable orbits around the nucleus. Also that the electrons can jump to different orbits

38
Q

What is the standard atomic notation

A

Shows:
Chemical symbol
The mass
Atomic number of isotope

39
Q

How is the periodic table organized

A

In horizontal rows by order of increasing atomic number. In vertical rows they are organized into groups with elements with similar physical characteristics

40
Q

What are ionic compounds

A

Ions held together by electrostatic forces.

41
Q

What does a chemical formula show

A

The number of different atoms in a single molecule of a chemical compound

42
Q

What are the chemical families

A 
Alkali metals 
Metals
Non metals
Metalloids 
Akaline earth metals
Noble gases
43
Q

What is a static charge

A

A charge that stays in place for some time

44
Q

What are the types of electric charge

A

Positive
Neutral
Negative

45
Q

What is the electrostatic series

A

As a substance is rubbed against another, electrons will be transferred from one substance to another.
The one that gains electrons will become negative
The one that loses will become positive

46
Q

What are the different ways of charging

A

Friction– rubbing causes the electrons to be transferred from one substance to another. Resulting in one positive and one negative
Conduction–involves touching a charged object to a neutral one.
Induction–putting a charged object near but not touching to a neutral one. The presence of a charged object near a neutral one will force the electrons within the conductor to move

47
Q

What are insulators and conductors

A

Insulators–used to protect us from the harmful effect if electricity. Electric flow can’t flow freely
Conductors– electric flow can flow freely

48
Q

What is electric force

A

An attractive or an repulsive force between 2 objects

49
Q

What are the applications of static charge

A

Laser printers
Pollution control
Air fresheners
Painting cars

50
Q

What is current electricity

A

A flow of electricity

51
Q

What are the three parts of an electric circuit

A

Energy source
Load
Connecting wires

52
Q

What is an conventional current versus an electric flow

A

Conventional current: assumes that current flows out of the positive terminal, through the circuit, to the negative terminal. Though is wrong
Electron flow:electrons flow out of negative terminal, Through the circuit, to the positive terminal

53
Q

What is DC and AC

A

DC: an electric flowing in only One Direction.
AC: an electric current changes directions many times a second.

54
Q

What is a current.

A

A flow of electric charge.

Measured in ampere

55
Q

What is voltage

A

An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts
Measured in joules or volts.

56
Q

What is the electric force?

A

An attractive or a repulsive force between 2 objects.

57
Q

What are applications for static charge?

A

laser printers
pollution control
air fresheners
painting cars

58
Q

What is a conventional current vs an electric flow.

A

Conventional current: current flows out of positive terminal, through the circuit, to the negative terminal.
Electron flow: electrons flow out of negative terminal, through the circuit, to the positive terminal.

59
Q

What is AC and DC

A

DC: an electric current flowing in only in one direction
AC: Am electric current that changes directions many times a second.

60
Q

What is a current

A

A flow of electric charge.

measured in ampres.

61
Q

What are the three parts of an electric circuit?

A

Energy source
Load
connecting wires

62
Q

What is voltage

A

An electromotive force or potential difference.

Measured in volts.

63
Q

What are resisters

A

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits.

64
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

What is Ohm’s law?
Ohm’s law is made from 3 mathematical equations that show the relationship between electric voltage, current, and resistance.
V=I x R R=V / I I= V / R

65
Q

What is measured in ohm’s

A

Resistance

66
Q

What are earth’s motions and their effects.

A

rotation/revolution

Gives us nights, days, years, seasons

67
Q

What are circumpolar constellations?

A

Constellations that never set from the viewer’s perspective.

68
Q

What are the moon’s phases

A

The shape of the moon’s sunlight portion
New moon– when moon is positioned between earth and sun
First quarter and third quarter–when moon is at a 90 degree angle to the earth and sun.
Crestent– less than half the moon is sunlight
Gibbous– over half of moon is sunlight

69
Q

What is a lunar eclipse?

A

When the earth casts a shadow on the moon.

70
Q

What are theories of how the solar system was created?

A

The Big Bang theory– billions of years ago a tiny piece of space expanded rapidly. In a very short time all the matter and the energy in the universe was formed.

71
Q

What are minor bodies?

A

object in solar system that is not a planet, dwarf planet, star, or satellite. asteroid–small rocky body orbiting the sun
comets– dusty “snowballs” that orbit the sun meteoroids– small body moving in atmosphere. If entered earth’s atmosphere would become a meteorite.

72
Q

What are the planets and there characteristics?

A

-Mercury–small rocky planet, slightly larger than earths moon.
-Venus– third brightest object in sky, size similar to earth, covered in clouds made from sulphuric acid. -Earth–only planet with life. has gravity and atmosphere -Mars–red appearance, diameter is half the size of earth.
-Jupiter– largest planet in solar system
-Saturn– has ring
-Uranus –ice giant -Neptune–is blue. Made of
ice, rocks, gasses, and liquids

73
Q

Characteristics of Mercury

A

small rocky

slightly larger than Earth’s moon

74
Q

Characteristics of Venus

A

Third brightest object in the sky
Similar size to earth
Covered in clouds made of sulphuric acid

75
Q

Characteristics of Earth

A

Only planet with life

Has gravity and atmosphere

76
Q

Characteristics of Mars

A

Red

Half the diameter of earth

77
Q

Characteristics of Jupiter

A

Largest planet in solar system

78
Q

Characteristics of Saturn

A

Has rings

79
Q

Characteristics of Uranus

A

Ice giant

80
Q

Characteristics of Neptune

A

Blue

Made of ice, rocks gasses and liquids

81
Q

What is budding

A

Budding–undergo repeated mitosis and cell division, to form an identical organism. (Multi cell organism)

82
Q

Fragmentation

A

Fragmentation–if an organism breaks apart as a result from an injury, the fragment turns into a clone of it’s parent

83
Q

What is vegetative reproductive

A

Vegetative reproduction – special cells usually in plant stem or root, divide repeatedly to form structures that will eventually develop into a plant identical to parent

84
Q

What is spore formation

A

Spore formation– form single celled spores, a spore is a reproductive cell that forms into a new organism by mitosis.

85
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Metaphase–tugging of spindle fibres pulls x-shaped chromosomes into a single line across cell.

86
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Anaphase–spindle fibres contract causing the centromere to get pulled apart, sister chromatids go to opposite sides of cell

87
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Telophase–set of chromosomes at each end of cell, spindle fibres
Disappear, nuclear membrane firms around chromosomes. Nucleolus appears in each nucleus.

Science (17 decks)

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