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Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution

A

Changes are n types of organisms over a period of time

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2
Q

What are fossils

A

Some remnant of an organism that proved its existence

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3
Q

What can fossils be of

A

Imprints of bacteria, leaves, insects, pollen, or flower parts
Tools, pottery shards, bones, and cave drawings

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4
Q

What is relative dating

A

Fossil age

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5
Q

How does fossil age work

A

Oldest fossils are in the deepest sedimentary rock layers.

Younger layers hold newer more complex fossils

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6
Q

What is absolute dating be used to determine

A

A precise age in years

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7
Q

How does absolute dating work

A

Uses the decay of radio-isotopes, such as carbon 14

Once an organism dies, it no longer breathes so it stops receiving carbon 14

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8
Q

What is the half life of carbon 14

A

5730 yeas

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9
Q

How old are the oldest fossils

A

3 billion years old

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10
Q

What are comparative studies used for

A

To establish evolutionarily relationships between organisms

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11
Q

What is comparative anatomy

A

Comparing specific body structures

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12
Q

What is are analogous structures

A

Similar functions, but the structure is different

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13
Q

What are homologous structures

A

Similar structures but the function is different

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14
Q

What is are vestigial structures

A

Structures are reduced in size and gave no known functions

There resemble structures in other organisms

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15
Q

What is comparative embryology

A

The comparison of embryonic development

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16
Q

What is comparative cytology

A

Observing similarities in cell structures

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17
Q

In comparative embryology what does the more similar the development mean

A

The closer the relationship between the species

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18
Q

What do all cells have in common

A

Similar organelles that preform identical functions

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19
Q

What organelles do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have in common

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

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20
Q

What does comparative biochemistry compare

A

Similarities involving proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids

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21
Q

Through what process to all organisms share genetic codes

A

Transcription and translation

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22
Q

What do all organisms carry out the same way

A

Cell respiration

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23
Q

What to all autotrophs carry out the same way

A

Photosynthesis

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24
Q

Who were the people who contributed support for evolution

A

James Hutton
Charles Lyell
Thomas Malthus

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25
Q

What did James Hutton do

A

Was a geologist
Studied age of the earth
Sedimentation of rocks occur over several millennium

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26
Q

What did Charles Lyell

Think

A

Geographical events must be explained in terms of process that are observable today.

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27
Q

What did Thomas Malthus do

A

Was an economist who thought that if population growth went unchecked would lead to starvation. He included disease, war, disaster, and famine

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28
Q

What was J B Lamarck’s theory

A

Stated that organisms can change their body structures over the course of a lifetime. Also the acquired traits could be passed to the offspring

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29
Q

What is an Atrophy structure

A

Structure decreases in mass with disuse

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30
Q

What is a hypertrophy structure

A

Structure increases in mass with use

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31
Q

What did August Weissman do

A

He disproved Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse. He used mice to do so over the course of 22 generations

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32
Q

What did Darwin do

A

Came up with theory of natural selection

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33
Q

What are the stages of natural selection

A 
Overproduction 
Struggle for existence 
Natural selection 
Variation 
Speciation
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34
Q

What is overproduction

A

Organism produce more offspring than can survive

35
Q

What is struggle for survival

A

There are limited resources available

36
Q

What is natural selection

A

Differences between groups of organisms of one species

37
Q

What is directional variation

A

Single phenotype is favoured causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

38
Q

What is stabilizing variation

A

When intermediate states are favoured and extreme variations become less common
(Takes out extremes)

39
Q

What is disrupted variation

A

When both extremes are favoured and intermediate stated become less common or lost.
(only extremes)

40
Q

What is speciation

A

Creating new species

41
Q

How does speciation works

A

After many generations that are involved with natural selection a population may be so different that the new population can no longer reproduce with the original species.
It involves isolation

42
Q

What is isolation

A

Anything which prevents two groups in a species from interbreeding

43
Q

What is geographic isolation

A

A population is divided by a natural barrier

44
Q

What is reproductive isolation

A

The differences between the isolated groups become so great they can no longer interbreed

45
Q

Can geographic isolation cause a speciation event

A

No. It can instigate a speciation event, but genetic changes are necessary to complete the process.

46
Q

What is microevolution

A

A change in gene frequency within a population.

Is evolution on a small scale and can be observed over shorter periods of time.

47
Q

What’s industrial melanism

A

Changes in the colours of a population as a result of human activity

48
Q

What’s macroevolution

A

Long term changes that make a new species.

Over a long period of time

49
Q

What are the genre patterns of evolution

A 
Divergent evolution 
Convergent evolution
Adaptive radiation 
Adaptions
Symbiosis
50
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

Different groups evolve from one ancestor

51
Q

What’s convergent evolution

A

Two or more different groups evolve so that they resemble one another strongly

52
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Organisms spread into new environments and become adapted through natural selection. An example of divergent evolution

53
Q

What is an adaptation

A

An anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioural trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection. It increases the expected long term reproductive success of the organism.

54
Q

What’s camouflage and mimicry

A

Adaptations that some animals use as protection from predators

55
Q

What are camouflage

A

An animal that looks like something in its environment

56
Q

What is mimicry

A

Use colours and markers to look like another animal

57
Q

What is symbiosis

A

Two species live in close association with each other and at least one member of the pair benefits while the other can be harmed, benefits, or is neither harmed or benefits

58
Q

What is mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

59
Q

What’s parasitism

A

One organism benefits while the other is harmed

60
Q

What is commensalism

A

One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed or benefits

61
Q

What’s the heterotrophs hypothesis

A

Suggests a probable sequence in which organisms appeared.

62
Q

What are the stages of the heterotroph hypothesis

A

NO O2 was available on old earth
First organisms were were anaerobic heterotrophs and used water for food and release CO2 as a waste product
Next organisms used CO2 for food and were anaerobic autotrophs
Next organisms used O2 and were aerobic autotrophs

63
Q

What’s gradualism

A

Evolution occurs slowly and continuously overtime

64
Q

What’s punctuated equilibrium

A

Evolution can occur quickly and it can be followed by long periods of little or no change at all

65
Q

What are population genetics

A

The study of the genes in an entire population at one time

66
Q

What’s a population

A

All the members of s species in an area

67
Q

What’s a gene pool

A

All the alleles within a population

68
Q

What’s a gene frequency

A

Percent of alleles for one trait for one trait that are dominant or recessive

69
Q

What’s an allele

A

Variation of a gene

70
Q

What is the hardy Weinberg law

A

States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

71
Q

What does p2 mean

A

Dominant allele

72
Q

What does q mean

A

Recessive allele

73
Q

What does P2 mean

A

Homozygous dominant

74
Q

What does 2pq mean

A

Heterozygous

75
Q

What does q2 mean

A

Homozygous

76
Q

What 5 conditions must be met for the hardy

Weinberg law to be true

A 
Large population 
No migration 
No mutations 
No natural selection 
Random mating
77
Q

What’s a large population

A

In small populations, alleles might be lost by the death of a few individuals

78
Q

What does no migration mean

A

Individuals may not migrate into or out of a population

79
Q

Why can’t there be mutations

A

Mutations change the frequency of the alleles in the population

80
Q

Why can’t there be natural selection

A

Each member of population must survive long enough to reproduce

81
Q

Why must there be random mating

A

Each individual in a population must have an equal chance to reproduce

82
Q

Why does the hardy Weinberg law not work

A

Mutations occur spontaneously
Reproduction is not random
Natural selection does not occur

83
Q

Why does the failure of the hardy Weinberg law is a sign that evolution occurs.

A

There are changes in the allele frequencies

External factors change in frequency

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