Reproduction Flashcards
What does LH do
Causes development of the corpus luteum.
What happens to progesterone during pregnancy
It does not decrease it continues
What do all cells rely on
Mitosis
What is mitosis
cell division
In mitosis does each cell have same DNA
Yes
How does a cell turn into a specific type of cell
A part of the cell is triggered turning it into a type of cell. Once it is triggered it cannot change.
When is a cell ready to divide
After the cell has been turned into a specific cell it can start cell division
What is interesting about stem cells
No part of the cell has been activated(turned onto a type of cell)
What must happen for cell division to happen
Genetic material must be copied exactly
What are the parts of the cell cycle
Mitosis, G1 phase, G2 phase, and S phase
What is the G1 phase
Everything that is needed for DNA replication is acquired
What happens in the G2 phase
When the DNA gets coiled
What happens in the S phase
When the DNA is actually replicated
What are the 3 main parts of DNA
Sugar- deoxyribose sugar
phosphate - molecule links 2 sugars together
Nucleic acid
What are the 4 main types of nucleic acid
Adinine, thymine, guanosine, cytoine
What can the nucleic acid only attach to
Adenine can only attach to thymine
Cytosine and only attach to guanine
Is the connection made by hydrogen strong or weak
Weak
What has to happen for the DNA to be copied
Enzymes un zips the zipped up DNA
What happens to the DNA after being split
After being split: a new side of DNA forms On each side of the old DNA
What happens to the cell after cell division
Create all the organelles it lost through division
What happens when the cell starts to divide
It can’t stop
What happens when the cell gets old
Lysosome bursts and the cell auto digests
What does cytoplasm have
Fibres to keep things in place
What are the different types of cell mutations
Positive- makes cell better
Negative- causes problems
There are about 100 cell mutations a day
How many chromosomes do humans have
46
What are the different phases in mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What does FSH do
Causes ovulation.
How many chromosomes do we get from the sperm and egg cells
23 each
Is hydrogen bond strong or weak
Really tight
What are the different types of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission - Bacteria, simplest
Fragmentation- part of individual is broken of. If that fragment has part of the central part of the individual a new organism is created
-vegelative reproduction- certain types of plants use a runner
Budding- when part of an organism gets stimulated, a bud grows and eventually becomes a new organism
Spores- like an unfertalized seed. If it lands in a good environment it grows. They’re a haploid
Graphing- when part of a plant or animal gets put with a part from a different plant or animal
What is a haploid.
Has half the genetic material
What are the benefits of asexual reproduction
Only needs one parent
Fast
Graphing
Can produce a lot
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
No genetic diversity(biggest problem)
Can’t adapt
What is miosis
Process of cell division that reduces the chromosomes number in half
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis
Miosis is exactly the same as mitosis but must have only half the chromosomes
What is the different in miosis 2 than miosis 1
Miosis 2 is the same but starts with half the chromosomes
How many sperm cells do males start with
4
(2 per cell)
Miotic process continues throughout life
How many eggs do females start with.
1 egg
3 polar bodies
Polar bodies protect eggs
Stops production eggs when born
What are gamites
Sex cells (sperm and eggs)
What is the male reproductive organ
Penis
What do testicles make
Testicles produce sperm in in tubes in testicles that have hollow portions that contain gamites.
Is sperm fully active when it is produced
No
Where does sperm “learn to swim”
In the vasdefference
Can a vesectomy be reversed? Is it simple?
Yes
What produces testosterone
Sertoll cells
What produce the liquid in the semen
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulborthers gland
Why is there liquid in the semen
Reduces the acidity of the vagina
Also provides nutrients for the sperm
What causes an erection
When aroused blood fills hollow spaces in the penis.
Where are eggs produced
Ovaries
What does the fimbraie do
Allows fluid to carry eggs to the Fallopian tube
What is the uterus
A very large muscular organ
When does fertilization tend to occur
When the egg is at the top of the Fallopian tube
What is an ectopic pregnancy
When the egg gets stuck in the Fallopian tube and the fetus develops there. If untreated can burst
What happens when an egg gets fertilized.
Eggs stop getting released
What happens when pregnancy occurs
A mucus plug ( uterine plug) forms so that nothing can go in or out
What is the corpus collauses
Follicular cells that surround the egg. During ovulation it turns into the corpus collausum or yellow body
What happens during positive feedback
Hormones will continue to produce. Integrity of the uterine wall
What happens during negative feedback
When hormones drop. Permits shedding of the uterine wall
What happens in the placenta
Mom and baby’s blood get very close
Where does the sperm mature
Epididymis
How does sperm leave the scrotum
Via the vas diference
What happens in prophase
The replicated chromosomes coil up into X shaped chromosomes
Nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear
spindle fibres form and stretch across the cell from centrioles that have moved to opposite sides of the cell
What happens in metaphase
The tugging action of of the spindle fibres pull the X shaped chromosomes into a line at the centre of the cell
What happens in anaphase
Spindle fibres contract and shorten, which pulls the centromere apart allowing the sister chromatids to move to opposite sides of the cell
When is a sister chromatid considered a chromosome
When the sister chromatids separate
What is telophase
One complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell
Spindle fibres begin to disappear
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
A nucleolus appears within each nucleus
Now there are 2 nuclei in one cell
Where is sperm stored
Ampulla
During ejaculation where does the sperm go after the ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Where are the secretions released that the sperm mix with in the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vessicles
Where does the semen enter after the ejaculatory duct.
Urethra
While the sperm travels through the urethra where are more secretions added from
Prostate gland
What gland releases a fluid in the urethra that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra.
Cowper’s gland
What can enlargement of the prostate cause
Urination problems
What happens when the cremaster muscles contract. Why
Moves testes closer to body to warm them in cold weather
What happens to the testes in warm weather
The cremaster muscles relax so testes can move away from the body to. cool
What do the testes contain
Seminiferous tubules
What are the outer layer cells of the seminiferous tubules
Spermatognia
What do the spermatognia divide to form
Spematocytes
What do spermatocytes develop into
Sperm
What cells support sperm developed
Sustenacular cells
What do leydig’s cells make
Testosterone
What is 1 effect of testosterone
Enlargement of the genitalia
What are the functions of the testes
Production of sperm and testosterone
What is testicular function regulated by
LH , FSH
What is LH and FSH made by
Anterior pituitary
What is LH and FSH production controlled by
GnRH
What do seritoli cells make
Inhibit
Inhibin do
Inhibits sperm production
How is testosterone made
When leydig’s cells are stimulates by LH
Does testosterone support sperm production
Yes
What does testosterone inhibit the production of
GnRH
LH
What is testosterone production regulated by
Negative feedback
What does taking testosterone as a drug do to sperm
Decreases sperm production
What is ovulation
When the immature ovum is released from the ovaries
Where does the egg go after the ovaries.
The egg is drawn to the Fallopian tube by the fimbrae
Where is sperm deposited
At the bottom of the uterus. Near the cervix
How does sperm move into the uterus
Through the Cervix then up the Fallopian tube
When does the fertilized egg become a embryo
When it undergoes mitosis and goes moves down the Fallopian tube
What holds the Fallopian tube, the ovaries, and the uterus in place
Ligaments
What happens if there is no pregnancy
Corpus leutenum dies
Estrogen and progesterone decrease
Uterine lining dies
What hormones control ovarian function
LH FSH
What does estrogen stimulate the production of
GnRH
LH
What does increased GnRH mean for estrogen and LH
More
What does a LH surge cause
Ovulation
What does the corpus Leutnum make
Estrogen and progesterone
If no pregnancy what happens to estrogen and progesterone levels
They decrease
During the mental cycle what happens to the stratum basale
Remains the same
What do developing follicles make
Estrogen
What does estrogen stimulate the endometrium to do
Grow
What does progesterone do
Dampens the effects of estrogen on uterine growth
Stimulates growth of other glands
What do uterine glands make.
Glycogen
What does glycogen do
Provides nutrients
If there is a pregnancy is the uterus ready for implantation
Yes
What happens to ovaries during menopause
Less responsive to LH and FSH
What phases of the menstral cycle vary in length
Menstral phase, proliferative phase
How many days before the menstral cycle does ovulation occur
14
What is the life span of the corpus leutenum with no pregnancy
11
How many days before ovulation is the embryo implanted in the uterus
7
What makes HGC
The membrane that surrounds the embryo
what does HGC do
Stimulates the corpus leuteum to continue making Estrogen and progesterone
During pregnancy the uterine lining is…
Maintained
How does fertilization occur
The sperm must penetrate the egg. It must do so by getting through cellular radiata, and the gelatinous zona pellcida, and the cell membrane. The sperm has acrosome, a diegestive enzyme that helps it get through the membrane. When the sperm enters a chemical reaction takes place making so yet no more sperm can enter.
When the sperm gets in miosis starts and a polar body is created.
After fertilization how do the cells divide
Miosis
Where do the initial cell divisions occur
Fallopian tube
When is it I planted on the uterus
After 3-4 days
What does the cytoplasm do
Provides nutrients for development
What provides nutrients upon implantation
Uterine gland
What does the inner cell mass become in implantation
Germ layer
What trimester is the most sensitive
First
What is a cavity that gets formed
Yolk sac. Which produces red blood cells
What does the vascular allintois develop into
Umbilical cord
What do the blood vessels in the umbilical cord supply
Placenta
What does the placenta contain
Coriononic villi and maternal artery
How does the nutrients and oxygen cross to the fetus
From maternal blood to fetal blood
How do waste products get away from fetus
Fetal blood to maternal blood
Is blood exchanged between mom and child
No
What happens at the end of pregnancy
Progesterone decreases
Oxytocin, prostaglandis, relaxin increase
What does oxytocin, prostaglandis, and relaxin
Prostaglandis , Increase uterine contractions, prevents uterine contractions.
Oxytocin, made in response of cervical pressure, increases uterine contractions
Relaxin, loosening ligaments in preparation for delivery
What happens in each trimester
1 brain and spinal cord are forming. Digits appear , kidneys lungs liver and muscles are developing
2 movements are felt, eyelids open, can survive outside mom with specialized care
3 rapid weight gain
