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Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does LH do

A

Causes development of the corpus luteum.

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2
Q

What happens to progesterone during pregnancy

A

It does not decrease it continues

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3
Q

What do all cells rely on

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What is mitosis

A

cell division

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5
Q

In mitosis does each cell have same DNA

A

Yes

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6
Q

How does a cell turn into a specific type of cell

A

A part of the cell is triggered turning it into a type of cell. Once it is triggered it cannot change.

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7
Q

When is a cell ready to divide

A

After the cell has been turned into a specific cell it can start cell division

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8
Q

What is interesting about stem cells

A

No part of the cell has been activated(turned onto a type of cell)

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9
Q

What must happen for cell division to happen

A

Genetic material must be copied exactly

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10
Q

What are the parts of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis, G1 phase, G2 phase, and S phase

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11
Q

What is the G1 phase

A

Everything that is needed for DNA replication is acquired

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12
Q

What happens in the G2 phase

A

When the DNA gets coiled

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13
Q

What happens in the S phase

A

When the DNA is actually replicated

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14
Q

What are the 3 main parts of DNA

A

Sugar- deoxyribose sugar
phosphate - molecule links 2 sugars together
Nucleic acid

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15
Q

What are the 4 main types of nucleic acid

A

Adinine, thymine, guanosine, cytoine

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16
Q

What can the nucleic acid only attach to

A

Adenine can only attach to thymine

Cytosine and only attach to guanine

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17
Q

Is the connection made by hydrogen strong or weak

A

Weak

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18
Q

What has to happen for the DNA to be copied

A

Enzymes un zips the zipped up DNA

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19
Q

What happens to the DNA after being split

A

After being split: a new side of DNA forms On each side of the old DNA

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20
Q

What happens to the cell after cell division

A

Create all the organelles it lost through division

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21
Q

What happens when the cell starts to divide

A

It can’t stop

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22
Q

What happens when the cell gets old

A

Lysosome bursts and the cell auto digests

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23
Q

What does cytoplasm have

A

Fibres to keep things in place

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24
Q

What are the different types of cell mutations

A

Positive- makes cell better
Negative- causes problems
There are about 100 cell mutations a day

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25
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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26
Q

What are the different phases in mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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27
Q

What does FSH do

A

Causes ovulation.

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28
Q

How many chromosomes do we get from the sperm and egg cells

A

23 each

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29
Q

Is hydrogen bond strong or weak

A

Really tight

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30
Q

What are the different types of asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission - Bacteria, simplest
Fragmentation- part of individual is broken of. If that fragment has part of the central part of the individual a new organism is created
-vegelative reproduction- certain types of plants use a runner
Budding- when part of an organism gets stimulated, a bud grows and eventually becomes a new organism
Spores- like an unfertalized seed. If it lands in a good environment it grows. They’re a haploid
Graphing- when part of a plant or animal gets put with a part from a different plant or animal

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31
Q

What is a haploid.

A

Has half the genetic material

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32
Q

What are the benefits of asexual reproduction

A

Only needs one parent
Fast
Graphing
Can produce a lot

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33
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

No genetic diversity(biggest problem)

Can’t adapt

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34
Q

What is miosis

A

Process of cell division that reduces the chromosomes number in half

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35
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Miosis is exactly the same as mitosis but must have only half the chromosomes

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36
Q

What is the different in miosis 2 than miosis 1

A

Miosis 2 is the same but starts with half the chromosomes

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37
Q

How many sperm cells do males start with

A

4
(2 per cell)
Miotic process continues throughout life

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38
Q

How many eggs do females start with.

A

1 egg
3 polar bodies
Polar bodies protect eggs
Stops production eggs when born

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39
Q

What are gamites

A

Sex cells (sperm and eggs)

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40
Q

What is the male reproductive organ

A

Penis

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41
Q

What do testicles make

A

Testicles produce sperm in in tubes in testicles that have hollow portions that contain gamites.

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42
Q

Is sperm fully active when it is produced

A

No

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43
Q

Where does sperm “learn to swim”

A

In the vasdefference

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44
Q

Can a vesectomy be reversed? Is it simple?

A

Yes

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45
Q

What produces testosterone

A

Sertoll cells

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46
Q

What produce the liquid in the semen

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulborthers gland

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47
Q

Why is there liquid in the semen

A

Reduces the acidity of the vagina

Also provides nutrients for the sperm

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48
Q

What causes an erection

A

When aroused blood fills hollow spaces in the penis.

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49
Q

Where are eggs produced

A

Ovaries

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50
Q

What does the fimbraie do

A

Allows fluid to carry eggs to the Fallopian tube

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51
Q

What is the uterus

A

A very large muscular organ

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52
Q

When does fertilization tend to occur

A

When the egg is at the top of the Fallopian tube

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53
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

When the egg gets stuck in the Fallopian tube and the fetus develops there. If untreated can burst

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54
Q

What happens when an egg gets fertilized.

A

Eggs stop getting released

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55
Q

What happens when pregnancy occurs

A

A mucus plug ( uterine plug) forms so that nothing can go in or out

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56
Q

What is the corpus collauses

A

Follicular cells that surround the egg. During ovulation it turns into the corpus collausum or yellow body

57
Q

What happens during positive feedback

A

Hormones will continue to produce. Integrity of the uterine wall

58
Q

What happens during negative feedback

A

When hormones drop. Permits shedding of the uterine wall

59
Q

What happens in the placenta

A

Mom and baby’s blood get very close

60
Q

Where does the sperm mature

A

Epididymis

61
Q

How does sperm leave the scrotum

A

Via the vas diference

62
Q

What happens in prophase

A

The replicated chromosomes coil up into X shaped chromosomes
Nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear
spindle fibres form and stretch across the cell from centrioles that have moved to opposite sides of the cell

63
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

The tugging action of of the spindle fibres pull the X shaped chromosomes into a line at the centre of the cell

64
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Spindle fibres contract and shorten, which pulls the centromere apart allowing the sister chromatids to move to opposite sides of the cell

65
Q

When is a sister chromatid considered a chromosome

A

When the sister chromatids separate

66
Q

What is telophase

A

One complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell
Spindle fibres begin to disappear
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
A nucleolus appears within each nucleus
Now there are 2 nuclei in one cell

67
Q

Where is sperm stored

A

Ampulla

68
Q

During ejaculation where does the sperm go after the ampulla

A

Ejaculatory duct

69
Q

Where are the secretions released that the sperm mix with in the ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vessicles

70
Q

Where does the semen enter after the ejaculatory duct.

A

Urethra

71
Q

While the sperm travels through the urethra where are more secretions added from

A

Prostate gland

72
Q

What gland releases a fluid in the urethra that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra.

A

Cowper’s gland

73
Q

What can enlargement of the prostate cause

A

Urination problems

74
Q

What happens when the cremaster muscles contract. Why

A

Moves testes closer to body to warm them in cold weather

75
Q

What happens to the testes in warm weather

A

The cremaster muscles relax so testes can move away from the body to. cool

76
Q

What do the testes contain

A

Seminiferous tubules

77
Q

What are the outer layer cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatognia

78
Q

What do the spermatognia divide to form

A

Spematocytes

79
Q

What do spermatocytes develop into

A

Sperm

80
Q

What cells support sperm developed

A

Sustenacular cells

81
Q

What do leydig’s cells make

A

Testosterone

82
Q

What is 1 effect of testosterone

A

Enlargement of the genitalia

83
Q

What are the functions of the testes

A

Production of sperm and testosterone

84
Q

What is testicular function regulated by

A

LH , FSH

85
Q

What is LH and FSH made by

A

Anterior pituitary

86
Q

What is LH and FSH production controlled by

A

GnRH

87
Q

What do seritoli cells make

A

Inhibit

88
Q

Inhibin do

A

Inhibits sperm production

89
Q

How is testosterone made

A

When leydig’s cells are stimulates by LH

90
Q

Does testosterone support sperm production

A

Yes

91
Q

What does testosterone inhibit the production of

A

GnRH

LH

92
Q

What is testosterone production regulated by

A

Negative feedback

93
Q

What does taking testosterone as a drug do to sperm

A

Decreases sperm production

94
Q

What is ovulation

A

When the immature ovum is released from the ovaries

95
Q

Where does the egg go after the ovaries.

A

The egg is drawn to the Fallopian tube by the fimbrae

96
Q

Where is sperm deposited

A

At the bottom of the uterus. Near the cervix

97
Q

How does sperm move into the uterus

A

Through the Cervix then up the Fallopian tube

98
Q

When does the fertilized egg become a embryo

A

When it undergoes mitosis and goes moves down the Fallopian tube

99
Q

What holds the Fallopian tube, the ovaries, and the uterus in place

A

Ligaments

100
Q

What happens if there is no pregnancy

A

Corpus leutenum dies
Estrogen and progesterone decrease
Uterine lining dies

101
Q

What hormones control ovarian function

A

LH FSH

102
Q

What does estrogen stimulate the production of

A

GnRH

LH

103
Q

What does increased GnRH mean for estrogen and LH

A

More

104
Q

What does a LH surge cause

A

Ovulation

105
Q

What does the corpus Leutnum make

A

Estrogen and progesterone

106
Q

If no pregnancy what happens to estrogen and progesterone levels

A

They decrease

107
Q

During the mental cycle what happens to the stratum basale

A

Remains the same

108
Q

What do developing follicles make

A

Estrogen

109
Q

What does estrogen stimulate the endometrium to do

A

Grow

110
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Dampens the effects of estrogen on uterine growth

Stimulates growth of other glands

111
Q

What do uterine glands make.

A

Glycogen

112
Q

What does glycogen do

A

Provides nutrients

113
Q

If there is a pregnancy is the uterus ready for implantation

A

Yes

114
Q

What happens to ovaries during menopause

A

Less responsive to LH and FSH

115
Q

What phases of the menstral cycle vary in length

A

Menstral phase, proliferative phase

116
Q

How many days before the menstral cycle does ovulation occur

A

14

117
Q

What is the life span of the corpus leutenum with no pregnancy

A

11

118
Q

How many days before ovulation is the embryo implanted in the uterus

A

7

119
Q

What makes HGC

A

The membrane that surrounds the embryo

120
Q

what does HGC do

A

Stimulates the corpus leuteum to continue making Estrogen and progesterone

121
Q

During pregnancy the uterine lining is…

A

Maintained

122
Q

How does fertilization occur

A

The sperm must penetrate the egg. It must do so by getting through cellular radiata, and the gelatinous zona pellcida, and the cell membrane. The sperm has acrosome, a diegestive enzyme that helps it get through the membrane. When the sperm enters a chemical reaction takes place making so yet no more sperm can enter.
When the sperm gets in miosis starts and a polar body is created.

123
Q

After fertilization how do the cells divide

A

Miosis

124
Q

Where do the initial cell divisions occur

A

Fallopian tube

125
Q

When is it I planted on the uterus

A

After 3-4 days

126
Q

What does the cytoplasm do

A

Provides nutrients for development

127
Q

What provides nutrients upon implantation

A

Uterine gland

128
Q

What does the inner cell mass become in implantation

A

Germ layer

129
Q

What trimester is the most sensitive

A

First

130
Q

What is a cavity that gets formed

A

Yolk sac. Which produces red blood cells

131
Q

What does the vascular allintois develop into

A

Umbilical cord

132
Q

What do the blood vessels in the umbilical cord supply

A

Placenta

133
Q

What does the placenta contain

A

Coriononic villi and maternal artery

134
Q

How does the nutrients and oxygen cross to the fetus

A

From maternal blood to fetal blood

135
Q

How do waste products get away from fetus

A

Fetal blood to maternal blood

136
Q

Is blood exchanged between mom and child

A

No

137
Q

What happens at the end of pregnancy

A

Progesterone decreases

Oxytocin, prostaglandis, relaxin increase

138
Q

What does oxytocin, prostaglandis, and relaxin

A

Prostaglandis , Increase uterine contractions, prevents uterine contractions.
Oxytocin, made in response of cervical pressure, increases uterine contractions
Relaxin, loosening ligaments in preparation for delivery

139
Q

What happens in each trimester

A

1 brain and spinal cord are forming. Digits appear , kidneys lungs liver and muscles are developing
2 movements are felt, eyelids open, can survive outside mom with specialized care
3 rapid weight gain

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