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Psychology AQA > Schizophrenia - Paper 3 > Flashcards

Schizophrenia - Paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

Severe mental disorder affecting 1% of the population

More common in males, city dwellers and low social economic groups

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2
Q

What is classification?

A

Identifying symptoms that go together

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3
Q

What are the two classification systems?

A

DSM - 5 = requires 1 or more positive symptom

ICD - 10 = requires 2 or more negative symptoms

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4
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Additional experiences beyond ordinary

Hallucinations

Delusions

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5
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Loss of usual ability and experiences

Speech poverty

Avolition -loss motivation

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6
Q

Evaluation of diagnosis (reliability and validity)

A

+ good diagnosis reliability - consistent. Inter rater reliability

  • low validity - 2 independently assess 100 participants - 68 ICD and 39 DSM
  • gender bias - men diagnosed more than women - women mask symptoms
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7
Q

What is diagnosis reliability?

A

A diagnosis must be repeatable

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8
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time

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9
Q

What is inter - rater reliability?

A

Different clinicians researching the same conclusion

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10
Q

How is inter-rater reliability measured?

A

Kappa score

Perfect 1

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11
Q

Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences

A

134 US
194 UK

Description patient given

69% US diagnosed

2% UK diagnosed

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12
Q

What is symptom overlap?

A

Symptoms of sz found in other disorders

Depression bipolar

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13
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

The extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time

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14
Q

What is the genetic basis of schizophrenia study?

A

Family studies

Gotterman - large scale

Aunt 2%
Sibling 9%
Identical twin 48%

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15
Q

Evaluation of Gotterman

A

Family share the same environment
Nature v nurture

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16
Q

What is the candidate gene schizo

A

Polygenic - require several genes

Ripke et al - 108

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17
Q

What is mutation in schizophrenia

A

In parent DNA

Correlation between parental age and risk

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18
Q

Evaluation of the genetic basis of schizophrenia

A

+ streng evidence - family studies, twin studies

  • environmental risk - birth complications, childhood trauma
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19
Q

What are neural correlates: the role of dopamine

A

Features in functioning of brain system related to symptoms

20
Q

What is the original DA hypothesis

A

Hyperdopaminergia associated with subcortex
Hallucinations and poverty of speech e.g. Broca’s area

21
Q

What is the updated DA hypothesis

A

Hypodopaminergia linked prefrontal cortex - explain negative, early stress

22
Q

Evaluate the role of dopamine

A

+ support - antipsychotic reduce symptoms, candidate genes produce DA, dopamine involved

  • role of glutamate - post mortem and scanning, raised glutamate, role of other neurotransmitters
23
Q

Psychological explanations - Family dysfunction - schizophregenic mothers

A

Rejecting and controlling create tension and secrecy.
Lead to distrust, paranoid delusions and schizophrenia

24
Q

What is the double bind

A

Bateson et al - child trapped, fear wrong thing, get wrong, punished by withdrawal of love
Lead disorganised thinking

25
Q

What is expressed emotion

A

Verbal criticism, hostility, over-involvement and stress

26
Q

Evaluate family dysfunction

A

+ evidence - schizophrenic disproportionately likely to have insecure attachment, around 60% history of abuse

  • poor evidence - no evidence support traditional family based theories, based on clinical observations, cannot explain link
27
Q

What are the cognitive explanations - dysfunction thought

A

Low level informational processing suggest cognitive impairment

28
Q

Metarepresentation leads to hallucinations

A

Dysfunction recognise own thoughts. And lead to hearing voices

29
Q

Central control to speech poverty

A

Derailment of thought, each trigger automatic associations they cannot suppress

30
Q

Evaluate cognitive explanations

A

+ evidence - compare performance on cognitive tasks. SZ took 2x as long

  • proximal origins explained - what happening now, possible genetic / family, only partial explanation - reductionism
31
Q

Biological therapy - typical antipsychotics

A

Dopamine antagonists - aim reduce actions of dopamine

Block dopamine receptors in synapse

Chlorpromazine sedation - clam anxious patients when first admitted

32
Q

Biological therapy - atypical antipsychotics

A

Newer drug - maintain and improve effectiveness

Clozapine on dopamine, Glutamate on serotonin - reduce depression and anxiety

Risperdone as effective but safer - clozapine involves deaths

33
Q

Evaluate biological therapy of schizophrenia

A

+ evidence for effectiveness - associated better functioning and reduced severity
- counter - short term effects, some published multiple times, benefit due to calming effect

  • side effects - dizziness, agitation, weight gain, can be fatal
34
Q

Psychological therapy - CBTp

A

Identify and change irrational thought

Understand - normalisation explains client that hearing voices is ordinary

35
Q

Evaluation of CBT

A

+ evidence - reduction in auditory hallucinations

+ quality - different techniques for different symptoms, treating particular person

+ nomothetic

36
Q

Psychological therapy - family therapy

A

Reduce negative emotions - anger and guilt which create stress

Improve family ability to help - family belief, balance between care and maintaining life

37
Q

Psychological therapy - family therapy

A

Reduce negative emotions - anger and guilt which create stress

Improve family ability to help - family belief, balance between care and maintaining life

38
Q

Evaluation of family therapy

A

+ evidence - relapse rate reduced by 50%

+ benefit whole family - negative impact on family

39
Q

Management of schizophrenia

A

Token economies - gift for every good act then exchanged for privileges, used for personal care.
Related behaviour and social behaviour
1. Quality of life
2. Normalises behaviour
Operant conditioning - reinforces

40
Q

Evaluation of management of schizophrenia

A

+ effectiveness - reduction negative symptoms, decline in frequency of unwanted behaviour

  • ethical issues - control peoples behaviour, restrict pleasure of already ill people
  • more pleasant alternatives - art therapy, pleasant experience, no side effects
41
Q

The interactionalist approach - diathesis stress

A

Vulnerability and trigger

Meehl’s model - diathesis genetic, someone without schizo gene wont develop

Modern understanding - many genes increase - trauma affecting brain development e.g. cannabis up 7x as effect dopamine

42
Q

Evaluation of interactionalist approach

A

+ dual role vulnerability and stress - high criticism implemented cause SZ but only with genetic

  • oversimplistic - no schizo gene, stress can include bio

+ real world application - benefit, can help treating

43
Q

Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan

A

8 confederates - 12 different hospitals - said hearing voices - acted normal when on ward - average stay 19 days

44
Q

Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan - validity

A

Normal behaviour misinterpreted as abnormal to support idea that pseudopatients had mental illness. Validity low and DSM flawed

45
Q

Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan - reliability

A

Cannot tell difference between schizo and bipolar depression - Same symptoms different illnesses were diagnosed

46
Q

Neural correlates example

A

Brain scanning techniques

Positive correlation the superior temporal gyrus and auditory hallucinations

47
Q

Evidence that brains are different - neural correlates

A

Torres - ventricles in schizo are 15% larger than those without

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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