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Psychology AQA > Attachemnt - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Attachemnt - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY in terms of attachment?

A

Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions in a co-ordinated way

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2
Q

what is meant by RECIPROCITY in terms of attachment?

A

Mother infant interaction respond to each others signals

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3
Q

Describe one way in which psychologist have investigated the caregiver infant interactions

A

Meltzof and Moore observed interactional synchrony. Adult display 1 of 3 facial expressions.
Response filmed
Association found

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4
Q

Referring to research describe the role of the father in development

A

Grossman.
Quality of infant attachment - quality of play with father
Stimulation role
Secondary caregiver - can play primary

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5
Q

Outline 1 strength of research into caregiver interactions

A

Controlled nature - fine detail, increased validity

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6
Q

Outline 1 weakness of research into caregiver infant interactions

A

Observing simple gestures and expressions
Hard assume infant intention
Cannot be sure they are special

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7
Q

Outline 2 weaknesses of research on the role of the father

A

Children who grow up in same sex or single parent - no different
Role not important
Inconsistent findings
Picture unclear

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8
Q

Outline Schaffer and Emersons study into the formation of early relationships

A

Age of attachment formation
Mothers 60 babies
Glasgow
Reported weekly stranger and separation anxiety
Primary caregiver 32 weeks

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9
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment?

A

Asocial - happier with humans

Indiscriminate - 2-7 months, prefer humans

Specific - from 7 months, stranger and separation anxiety

Multiple - shortly after, separation from multiple attachments

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10
Q

Why does Schaffer and Emerson’s study have good external validity?

A

Observations took place in the participants natural environment

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11
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Schaffers stages of attachment?

A

Measuring attachment - child cries doesn’t not have to mean attachment

Conflicting evidence - van Ijzendoorn et al found different contexts multiple attachments may come first

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12
Q

What is ETHOLOGY?

A

The study of animal behaviour

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13
Q

What is IMPRINTING?

A

Animals attaching to the first moving object they see

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14
Q

What is the CRITICAL PERIOD?

A

Imprinting must occur within a few hours / days / weeks after birth

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15
Q

What is SEXUAL IMPRINTING?

A

Birds show courtship behaviour towards whatever species they imprint on

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16
Q

Outline LORENZ’S research into attachment?

A

2 groups of goslings
1 saw Lorenz other their mother

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17
Q

What is the importance of CONTACT COMFORT?

A

Animals like monkeys prefer a soft toy mother to wire one regardless of which provides milk

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18
Q

What is MATERNAL DEPRIVATION?

A

Animals brought up without a mother were dysfunctional as adults

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19
Q

Outline HARLOW’S research into attachment

A

Baby monkeys given cloth or wire
Wire had feeding bottle
Importance contact comfort
Critical period seen 90 days - after attachment wouldn’t form

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20
Q

What did Harlow find out about the effect of maternal deprivation?

A

Maternally deprivation monkeys grew up socially dysfunctional

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21
Q

Describe 1 weakness of LORENZ’S research

A

Lacks generalisability - birds and mammals different attachment

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22
Q

Outline 1 strength of HARLOW’S research

A

Theoretical value - creature comfort than feeding.

Practical value - understand risk factors for child abuse

23
Q

Outline 1 weakness of Harlows research

A

Ethical issues. Monkeys considered similar enough to humans to generalise findings.
Suffering human like

24
Q

Where is the emphasis in the learning theory of attachment?

A

The key is food. Babies become attached to whoever feeds them

25
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Food (unconditioned stimulus)
Produce pleasure (unconditioned response)
Caregiver (neutral) - associate food

26
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning by rewards and punishment.
Babies hungry and cry
Response from parent
Baby (positive reinforcement)
Parent (negative reinforcement)

27
Q

Provide counter evidence to the learning theory of attachment from animal research

A

Lorenzs geese - imprinted before they were fed
Harlows monkeys - attached cloth mother rather then milk

28
Q

Describe Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

Attachment innate - survival advantage
Law on continuity
Babies born with social releases - ‘cute’
Critical period - harder to form later
Internal working model - mental representation of relationship - template for what relationships are like

29
Q

Briefly evaluate the idea of an internal working model

A

Predicts that patterns of attachment will be passed on through the generations.

Bailey et al - 99 mothers - children poorly attached if adult poorly attached.

30
Q

Evaluate the existence and value of social releases

A

Brazleton et al - primary caregivers ignore social releases. Distress and curled up motionless. Importance.

31
Q

What are three limitations of Bowlby’s monotrpoic theory of attachment

A

Schaffer and Emerson’s found didn’t attach to one person first. - contradicts

Feminists argue women are blamed from everything that goes wrong in Childs life

Overemphasis on role of attachment - some more anxious and some more sociable - temperamental differences

32
Q

Outline the procedure from the strange situation

A

Controlled observation two way mirror

Proximity seeking
Exploration and secure base
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour

33
Q

Outline the findings of the strange situation

A

Secure attachment - 60 - 70%

Insecure avoidant attachment - 20 -25%

Insecure resistant attachment - 3%

34
Q

Describe the three types of attachment

A

Secure - explores and seeks proximity, moderate anxiety, accepts comfort on reunion

Insecure avoidant - explores no proximity, little anxiety, does not require comfort

Insecure resistant - explores less, seek proximity, considerable anxiety, resist comfort

35
Q

What are 2 strengths of the strange situation?

A

Predictive validity - predict later development - secure better at a school

Good inter-rater reliability - same children generally same conclusion 94%. Do not depend on who is watching

36
Q

What are 2 limitations of the strange situation?

A

Culture bound - little meaning outside western society - Japanese mothers rarely separated - high anxiety

Temperament confounding variable - challenged validity - not purely measure attachment

37
Q

Outline the meta analysis by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg

A

Proportions of attachment types.

32 studies 8 countries

Secure most common

Individualistic cultures similar to aimsowrth

Collectivist cultures rates above 25% and avoidant was reduced

Variation within cultures greater than between cultures

38
Q

Evaluate the samples used in Kroonenberg et al meta analysis

A

Very large samples - internal validity

Sample may not be representative - compare countries not cultures - rural and city different

39
Q

Describe why the strange situation may be biased towards British / US culture

A

Designed by American researchers and is based on a British theory. Apple a theory designed for one to another imposed ethic.

Germany seen an independent not avoidant

40
Q

What is the alternative explanation for the similarities between cultures

A

Mass media. Bowlby’s assumes the similarities were due to attachment being innate and universal.

41
Q

Outline Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

Continued emotional care from mother is essential. Separation from mother may lead maternal deprivation.

Losing emotional care

Critical period 30 months

Deprivation lower IQ

Linked affectionless psychopathology

42
Q

Describe 1 study into the effect of maternal deprivation

A

44 delinquent teenagers accused of stealing

Families interviewed

Affectionless psychopathy - lack guilt and remorse

14/44 were
12/14 prolonged separation

5 of remaining 30 experienced separation

43
Q

Outline the case of the Czech twins and how this challenges Bowlby’s theory

A

Twins isolated from 18 months

Later looked after by 2 loving adults

Positive outcomes, some interaction and good aftercare

Critical period more of a sensitive period

44
Q

Outline how animal studies support the theory of maternal deprivation

A

Levy’s et al

Separating baby rats from mothers permanent negative effects on social development

Issues concerning generalisability

45
Q

What is the difference between deprivation and privation?

A

Deprivation - loss of primary attachment figure

Privation - failure to form any attachment

Rotter argues severe long term damage more likely privation

46
Q

Outline Rutter et al

A

165 Romanian orphans

Poor condition before adopted into UK

Half showed mental retardation when come to UK

Adopted before 6 months = IQ 102
Between 6 - 24 months = IQ 86
After 24 months = IQ 77

47
Q

What are 2 strengths of the Romanian orphan study?

A

Important practical application - improvement in way children are cared for

Fewer confounding variables than other research - little trauma to children

48
Q

What are 2 limitation of Romanian orphan study

A

Issues with generalisability - condition bad

Children not randomly assigned - children adopted earlier been more social. Parents selecting children

49
Q

How does an infants internal working model affect their later relationships?

A

First attachment template for future

Secure form better friends and less likely bully

Also affect parenting

50
Q

Outline the procedure from Hazen and Shavers study into romantic relationships

A

620 responses to love quiz

Current and important relationship, general love experiences, attachment type

51
Q

Outline the findings from Hazen and Shaver’s study

A

56% identified secure

19% resistant

25% avoidant

Avoidant jealous and fear intimacy

Secure longer lasting relationships

52
Q

Outline problems with the concept of an internal working model

A

Unconscious - can’t get direct evidence from self report - require conscious awareness

53
Q

Correlation v causation related to IWM

A

Continuity between early and later

Other explanations - temperament

54
Q

Outline 2 limitations of research on attachment and later relationships

A

Evidence mixed - Zimmerman little relationships between quality of infant and adolescent attachment

Validity issues - rely on people being honest and realistic view of relationships

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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