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Psychology AQA > Approaches - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Approaches - Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is introspection?

A

The examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

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2
Q

Who is Wundt?

A

Father of psychology

Aim was to examine the structure of the mind

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3
Q

What was Wundts approach?

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

What was Wundts technique?

A

Introspection

Break consciousness in thoughts, images and sensations

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5
Q

What were the 2 major assumptions that introspection were based on?

A
  1. All behaviour is seen as being caused by
  2. If behaviour determined, be possible to predict how human being would behave in different conditions
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6
Q

What were the 2 main weaknesses of Wundt’s technique

A

Unreliable - non observable response

Not accurate - lacks validity

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7
Q

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

A

Description

Explanation

Prediction

Change

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8
Q

What did Watson do?

A

Introspection, subjective
Behaviourist dominate
Cognitive studies mental processes
Scientifically

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9
Q

What is the strengths of origins of psychology

A

Aspects scientific

Contribution - set foundation

Modern research scientific

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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of origins of psychology

A

Aspects subjective

Can’t be applied to children or people with learning difficulties

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11
Q

The behaviourist approach focuses on…

A

Observable behaviour

Controlled lab studies

Processes that govern behaviour

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning though association

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13
Q

Explain Pavlov’s research

A

Conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell rings

NS + UCS. CS -> CR

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learn through punishment

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15
Q

Outline Skinners research

A

Rat activate lever, rewarded with food
Desirable consequence = repetition
Avoid electric shock by not pushing button

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16
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Receiving rewards

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17
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Avoiding something unpleasant

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18
Q

What is punishment

A

Unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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19
Q

Evaluate the behaviourist approach

A

+ uses well controlled research

+ real world application - token economy

  • environmental determinism - ignore free will
  • ethical issues - harm to animals
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20
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Learning that occurs indirectly

Experience, observation, imitation

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21
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning related to consequences of behaviour

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22
Q

What is the mediational process

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation

ARMM

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23
Q

What is identification of role models

A

Role model similar and higher status

Someone looked up to

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24
Q

What did Bandura et al do?

A

Observe adult

Bobo doll experiment

Initiate acts if observed the same - more likely if rewarded

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25
Q

Evaluation of social learning theory

A

+ real world application

+ show some free will

  • ignore biological factors
  • lab studies
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26
Q

The cognitive approach

A

The scientific study of mental processes

Mental processes are private, cannot be observed and studies through inference

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27
Q

What is a schema?

A

Packages of information developed through experience.

Mental framework interpretation of incoming information

28
Q

The information processing model

A

Flows through stages

Input, storage, retrieval

29
Q

What is the computer model

A

Programmes imitate the human mind

30
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Influence of the brain structure on mental processes

Brain scanning

Episodic and semantic memories

31
Q

Evaluation of the cognitive approach

A

+ scientific and objective methods

+ application to everyday life

  • abstract and theoretical
  • machine reductionism
32
Q

Psychodynamic approach - Freud

A

Mind made up of conscious, pre conscious and unconscious

Id - pleasure principle
Ego - reality principle
Superego - morality principle

33
Q

Freuds stages of development

A

Oral - mouth (0-1)

Anal - anus (1-3)

Phallic - genital (3-6)

Latency - conflicts repressed

Genital - sexual desire (puberty)

34
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

Phallic stage

Feeling towards mother - hatred towards father

Repress and take on gender role

35
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Unconscious strategies, used by ego

Repression
Denial
Displacement

36
Q

Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

A

+ psychotherapy - access unconscious

+ explanatory power - childhood

  • harmful therapy
  • unfalsifiable
37
Q

The biological approach

A

Look at biological structures and processes

Contrast cognitive approach

38
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

Action of chemicals

In balance neurotransmitters cause metal disorders

Underproduction serotonin = OCD

Psychological characteristics inherited - twin studies

39
Q

What is the genotype

A

The genetic makeup of

40
Q

What is the phenotype

A

Genetic expression - characteristics

41
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Darwin, natural selection - survival and reproduction

42
Q

Evaluation of the biological approach

A

+ real world application - drugs

+ scientific method - scanning

  • drugs not always work
  • deterministic
43
Q

The humanistic approach

A

External and internal influences - free will

44
Q

What did Maslow do?

A

Hierarchy of needs

Must complete all before self-actualisation (full potential)

Physiological needs
Safety needs
Esteem needs
Love and belonging
Self actualisation

45
Q

What did Rogers find?

A

Personal growth

Individuals concept must be congruent with ideal self

Incongruence = no self actualisation

Worthlessness and low self esteem due to lack of unconditional positive regards from parents

46
Q

What did Roger’s therapy include?

A

Roger client entered therapy - in conditional positive regards - increase self worth

47
Q

What is the first assumption that behaviourist believe?

A

Psychology should be seen as a science

48
Q

What is the second assumption that behaviourist believe?

A

Psychologists should study observable behaviours

49
Q

What is the third assumption that behaviourist believe?

A

No free will

Environment determines behaviour

50
Q

What is the fourth assumption that behaviourist believe?

A

When we are born out mind is a blank slate

51
Q

What is the fifth assumption that behaviourist believe?

A

Little difference in the learning between animals and humans

52
Q

What is the evaluation of the humanistic approach?

A

+ real world context

+ positive approach

  • cultural bias
  • limited application
53
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Specialised network of cells and our primary communication. Electrical
Endocrine based on hormones

54
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A
  1. Collect, process and respond to environment
  2. Co ordinate organs and cells
55
Q

What is the CNS

A

Brian and spinal cord

Brain is conscious awareness

Reflex actions

56
Q

What is the peripheral NS

A

Transmits messages of neurons to the nervous system

Automatic - vital functions, breathing - sympathetic and parasympathetic

Somatic - muscle movement - info from sensory receptors

57
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Vital functions through hormones

Glands produce hormones - pituitary brain

Hormones secreted in blood stream

Endocrine and autonomic work together - fight or flight

58
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

PNS and CNS - long dendrites and short axon

59
Q

What is a relay neuron?

A

Connect sensory to motor - short dendrites and short axon

97%

60
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

CNS to effector - short dendrites and short axon

61
Q

What are the features of neurons?

A

Cell body - nucleus - genetic

Dendrites - carry impulse towards cell

Myelin sheath - fatty layer

Gaps - nodes of ranvier

Terminal button - communicate with the next

62
Q

What are the neurons charge?

A

Resting = negative
Activated = positive

Action potential - create electrical impulses

63
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Chemically travel

Neurotransmitters from vesicles

Post synaptic receptor site

Chemical diffuse across

Perfect fir in postsynaptic

64
Q

What is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Adrenaline - excitatory - higher chance of fire

Serotonin - inhibitory - lower chance of fire

Dopamine - equally likely to be either

65
Q

What is summation?

A

Threshold for action potential to be triggered

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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