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Psychology AQA > Research Methods - Paper 2 / All Papers > Flashcards

Research Methods - Paper 2 / All Papers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aim

A

General expression of what the researcher intends to investigate

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2
Q

What is an operationalised hypothesis

A

Statement believed to be true - defined and measurable

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3
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

More difficult to detect on effect - e.g. age, gender time limits

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4
Q

What are confounding variables

A

Change with the IV e.g. mood, weather, personality

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5
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Cue that may reveal the aim of the study and change of participants behaviour

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6
Q

Investigator effects

A

Effect of behaviour (on outcome)

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7
Q

Randomisation

A

Change to control for bias
Lottery methods

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8
Q

Standardisation

A

Same formalised procedure

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9
Q

Pilot study

A

Small scale trial run. Modify design

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10
Q

Control group

A

Set comparison

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11
Q

Single and double blind studies

A

Single - participants unaware

Double - participants and researcher unaware

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12
Q

Empirical methods

A

Methods of gaining knowledge which rely on direct observation or testing

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13
Q

Objectivity

A

Measurement of data not affected by the expectations of the researcher
Remove researcher bias

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14
Q

Replicability

A

Recording procedure carefully in order for another researcher to repeat them and verify the original results

Step by step

Consistency in result when replicated

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15
Q

Falsifiability

A

The possibility that a statement or hypothesis can be proved wrong by testing

Enhances scientific validity

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16
Q

Paradigm

A

A typical set of concepts or thought patterns

Shift - major change on worldwide concepts

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17
Q

What are independent groups

A

One group does one condition - participants randomly allocated

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18
Q

Evaluation on independent groups

A

+ no order effects
+ not guess aim

  • participant variables
  • less economical
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19
Q

Repeated measures

A

Take part in all conditions
Counterbalance to remover order effects

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20
Q

Evaluation of repeated measures

A

+ participant variables
+ fewer participants needed

  • order effects
  • p’s guess aim
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21
Q

What is matched pairs?

A

2 groups - related on participant variables

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22
Q

Evaluation of matched pairs

A

+ participant variables
+ no order effects

  • matching nor perfect
  • more participants needed
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23
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

Extraneous and confounding variables regulated - lab setting

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24
Q

Evaluation of lab experiment

A

+ EV and CV controlled
+ easily replicated

  • lack generalisability
  • demand characteristics
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25
Q

What is a field experiment

A

Natural setting - IV manipulated

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26
Q

Evaluation of a field experiment

A

+ more natural environment
+ participants unaware

  • difficult to control CV and EV
  • ethical issues (informed consent)
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27
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

Where the IV is not manipulated by the researcher it’s naturally occurring

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28
Q

Evaluation of a natural experiment

A

+ only practical option
+ greater external validity

  • only occur rarely
  • not randomly allocated
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29
Q

What is a Quasi experiment

A

Pre-existing differences between people

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30
Q

Evaluation of a quasi experiment

A

+ high control
+ comparisons

  • p’s not randomly allocated
  • casual relationship not demonstrated
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31
Q

Ethical issues occur when there is a…

A

Conflict between the rights and aims of

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32
Q

What is informed consent

A

Permission given to take part in

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33
Q

What is deception

A

Misleading / withholding information

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34
Q

Protection form harm

A

No more risk than everyday

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35
Q

Privacy and confidentiality

A

Right to control information

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36
Q

What should be given after an experiment has taken place

A

Debrief and right to withdraw

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37
Q

What is the population

A

Group the researcher is interested in

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38
Q

What is the sample

A

Smaller groups from the population

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39
Q

Generalisation

A

Wether the group is representative

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40
Q

Bias

A

In certain groups - may be over or under represented

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41
Q

What is random sampling

A

Equal chance - lottery method

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42
Q

Evaluation of random sampling

A

+ potentially unbiased

  • time-consuming
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43
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

Set pattern (every nth person)

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44
Q

Evaluation of systematic sampling

A

+ unbiased

  • time and effort
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45
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

Reflects proportions (strata)

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46
Q

Evaluation of stratified sampling

A

+ representative

  • not perfect
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47
Q

What is Opportunity sampling

A

Most available - nearby

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48
Q

Evaluation of opportunity sampling

A

+ quick method

  • inevitably biased
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49
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

Self selecting, advertise

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50
Q

Evaluation of volunteer sampling

A

+ participants willing

  • volunteer bias
51
Q

What are correlations

A

Strength and direction of an association between co-variables

52
Q

What is a scattergram

A

One co-variable on the x axis

One co-variable on the y axis

53
Q

What is a positive correlation

A

Where they increase together

54
Q

What is a negative correlation

A

Where one increased and the other decreases

55
Q

What is a zero correlation

A

No relationship

56
Q

Evaluation of correlations

A

+ useful starting point
+ relatively economical

  • no cause and effecr
  • intervening variables
57
Q

What is an observation

A

See or listen without asking - assessing

58
Q

Evaluation of observation

A

+ capture what people do

  • observer bias
59
Q

What is a naturalistic observation

A

Where target behaviour which normally occurs

60
Q

Evaluation of naturalistic observations

A

+ high external validity

  • low control
61
Q

What is a controlled observation

A

Some control on variables

62
Q

Evaluation of controlled observations

A

+ replicated

  • low external validity
63
Q

What is a covert observation

A

Participants are unaware

64
Q

Evaluation on covert observations

A

+ demand characteristics low

  • ethically questionable
65
Q

What is a overt observation

A

Participants aware

66
Q

Evaluation of a overt observation

A

+ ethically acceptable

  • demand characteristics
67
Q

What are participant observations

A

Researcher becomes part of a group

68
Q

Evaluation of participant observation

A

+ greater insight

  • loss of objectivity
69
Q

What are non - participant observations

A

The researcher separate from the group

70
Q

Evaluation of non - participant observations

A

+ objective

  • loss of insight
71
Q

What are behavioural categories

A

Broken into categories

72
Q

Evaluation of behavioural categories

A
  • difficult to make clear
  • dustbin categories
73
Q

Event sampling

A

Target behaviour recorded when occurs

74
Q

Evaluation of event sampling

A

+ useful for infrequent behaviours

  • complex behaviour oversimplified
75
Q

Time sampling

A

Record all behaviour displayed at regular intervals

76
Q

Evaluation of time sampling

A

+ reduce number of observations

  • unrepresentative
77
Q

What are questionnaires

A

Pre-set list of written questions - assess DV

78
Q

Evaluation of questionnaires

A

+ distributes to lots of participants
+ straightforward to analyse

  • not always truthful
  • response bias
79
Q

What are interviews

A

Face to face or online interactions

Structures, unstructured, semi-structured

80
Q

What are structured interviews

A

List of pre-determined questions in fixed order

+ replicated

  • cannot elaborate
81
Q

What are unstructured interviews

A

No set questions

+greater flexibility

  • interviewer bias
82
Q

What are semi-structures interviews

A

List but ask further questions

83
Q

How do you design a questionnaire

A

Avoid Jargon

Double barrelled questions

Leading questions

84
Q

What are closed questions

A

Limited choices

+ easier to analyse

  • restricted
85
Q

What are open questions

A

Provide own answers expressed in words

+ not restricted

  • difficult to analyse
86
Q

How do you design interviews

A

Standardised list

Quiet team

Neutral questions

Ethics treated in confidence

87
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Non numerical data - expressed in words

+ detail

  • difficult to analyse
88
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Numerical data

+ easy to analyse

  • narrower in meaning
89
Q

What is primary data

A

‘First hand’ data

+ fits the job

  • requires time and effort
90
Q

What is secondary data

A

Someone other than the researcher

+ inexpensive

  • quality may be poor
91
Q

What is meta analysis

A

Combining secondary, calculation of effect size

+ high validity of conclusion

  • publication bias (non significant results)
92
Q

What is the mean

A

Add all the score, divide by number of scores

+ sensitive measures

  • unrepresentative
93
Q

What is the median

A

Middle value, ascending order

+ less effected by extreme

  • less sensitive
94
Q

What is the mode

A

Most frequent or common

+ relevant to categorical data

  • over simple measure
95
Q

What is the range

A

Difference between highest and lowest value

+ easy

-not account for distribution

96
Q

What is standard deviation

A

Average spread around mean

The larger, the more spread the data is

+ more precise

  • can be misleading (extreme values)
97
Q

What is normal distribution

A

Symmetrical, bell shaped

Most in the middle with few at the ends

Mean median and mode all occupy the same mid-point

98
Q

What is a skewed distribution

A

More items at lower or upper

Positive = left
Negative = right

99
Q

What is a peer review

A

All aspects are scrutinised by experts. Should be objective and unknown to the researcher

funding allocation
Validation of quality
Improvement and amendments suggested

100
Q

Evaluation of peer reviews

A

+ protects quality of published work

  • anonymity used to criticise rival research
  • publication bias
  • ground breaking research buried
101
Q

What is the significance

A

Association between two sets of data

102
Q

What is probability

A

The likelihood an event will happen if null hypnosis is tru

0.05 accepted level

103
Q

What is done with the calculated and critical value

A

Compared

104
Q

How to find the critical value

A

Significance, number of participants, one or two tailed

105
Q

What is the sign test

A

Difference in related items

Condition B subtracted from condition A plus or minus

Add pluses and add minuses

S value = less frequent sign

106
Q

What is a type 1 error

A

Reject the null hypothesis when shouldn’t

107
Q

What is a type 2 error

A

Accept the null hypothesis when shouldn’t

108
Q

What is avoiding

A

Significance level stricter - reduce type 1 error but increase type 2

Increase sample size to reduce both

109
Q

What is nominal data

A

Qualitative values - tallied

Nominated categories

110
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Scaled or ranked data

Likert scale

111
Q

What is interval data

A

Ranked data with equal intervals

Temperature

112
Q

What is the significance tests tables

A

Independent groups&raquo_space; repeated measures&raquo_space; correlation

Nominal - chi-squared&raquo_space; sign test&raquo_space; chi-squared
Ordinal - Mann Whitney&raquo_space; Wilcoxon&raquo_space; spearman’s
Interval - unrelated t&raquo_space; related T&raquo_space; pearsons

CSCMWSURP

113
Q

Psychology research and the economy - benefit financial

A

Benefit financial prosperity
- stressed importance father to child, promote flexible working, parents better equipped to contribute to economy

114
Q

Psychology research and the economy benefit people

A

1/3 days off cause by mental disorders

Access to therapy and drugs

Manage condition and return to work

115
Q

What is an abstract

A

A summary of the study
All major elements

116
Q

What is an introduction

A

A literature review
Relevant theories and concepts

117
Q

The method in review

A

Detailed enough for replication
Design
Sample
Apparatus
Procedure
Ethics

118
Q

Results in review

A

Summary key findings
Descriptive and inferential statistics

119
Q

Discussion in review

A

Evaluation the outcome
Relationship to previous results
Limitations
Wider world implications

120
Q

Referencing

A

Author
Date
Article
Title
Journal name
Volume
Page numbers

121
Q

What is a content analysis

A

Observational
Indirect
Communication
Meaningful units

122
Q

What is a thematic analysis

A

Qualitative
Themes rather than word count

123
Q

Evaluation content analysis

A

Ethical issues

Flexible

Out of context

Objectivity lacks

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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