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Psychology AQA > Psychopathology - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Psychopathology - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definitions of abnormality - statistical infrequency

A

Analysing numbers

Behaviour rarely seen = abnormal

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2
Q

Example of statistical infrequency

A

IQ normally distributed

2% below 70

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3
Q

Evaluation of statistical infrequency

A

+ real world application - asses range of conditions

  • unusual characteristics can also be positive - IQ above 130
  • subjective - symptoms difficult to measure
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4
Q

Explain deviation from social norms

A

Behaviour deviate society’s set norms and values

Unexpected behaviour

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5
Q

Example of deviation from social norms

A

The use of cannabis

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6
Q

Evaluate deviation from social norms

A
  • risk of an imposed etic - applying one countries norms to another’s
  • susceptible to abuse - changes over time excuse bullying

+ real world application - diagnose schizophrenia

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7
Q

Explain failure to function adequately

A

Affect ability to live a ‘normal’ life

Ability to work or form relationships

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8
Q

Example of failure to function adequately

A

Eating disorders

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9
Q

Rosenhan et al’s checklist of dysfunction

A
  1. Personal distress
  2. Maladaptive behaviour
  3. Unpredictable behaviour
  4. Irrational behaviour
  5. Cause observer discomfort
  6. Deviation from norms and values
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10
Q

Evaluate failure to function adequately

A
  • abnormality not always accompanies by dysfunction. Psychopaths functional lives - Fred and Rose West - serial killers

+ functional dysfunction - attention seeking behaviour - outwardly display not functioning adequately

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11
Q

Explain deviation from ideal mental health

A

Behaviour deviates from ‘normal’ mental health.

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12
Q

Example of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Depression, hallucinations and anxiety

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13
Q

Jahoda’s checklist for ideal mental health - more have more normal

A
  1. No symptoms or distress
  2. Rational and accurate perception
  3. Self actualise
  4. Cope with stress
  5. Realistic view of the world
  6. Good self esteem
  7. Independent
  8. Successfully work, love
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14
Q

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • over demanding - unrealistic criteria - subjective
  • changes over time - seeing spirits bad now but godliness before. Homosexuality 50 years ago mental disorder
  • cultural relativism - independence abnormal in collectivist.
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of mental disorders

A

Excessive fear and anxiety

Specific phobia - (object)
Social anxiety - (social situation)
Agoraphobia - (fear of outside)

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16
Q

Explain behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic - in response to presence of stimulus. Crying, screaming or running. Children freeze, cling

Avoidance - effort to prevent contact, hard go about daily life

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17
Q

Explain emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety - unpleasant state of high arousal. Prevent relaxing

Fear - more intense but shorter than anxiety

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18
Q

Explain cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Irrational beliefs - unfounded thoughts, increased pressure to perform

Selective attention - keep attention on something dangerous - reacting quickly

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19
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

Panic

Avoidance

Endurance

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20
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Anxiety

Fear

Emotional response unreasonable

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21
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

Selective attention

Irrational belief

Cognitive distortions - unrealistic thinking

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22
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions repetitive

Reduce anxiety

Avoidance

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23
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress

Depression

Guilt and disgust

24
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

Activity levels

Disrupts sleep and eating

Aggression and self harm

25
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A

Lowered mood

Anger

Lowered self esteem

26
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

Poor concentration

Attention to the negative

Absolutist thinking

27
Q

What is the two process of model of phobias?

A

Learned through classical conditioning

Maintained through operant conditioning

28
Q

Describe classical conditioning

A

Association

UCS triggers fear (UCR)
NS associated
NS created CR

29
Q

Watson and Rayner - little Albert

A

How fear of rats is conditioned

Loud noise when a white rat presented

Eventually fear response when rat presented

Also showed fear to other white fluffy objects - generalisation

30
Q

Maintained through operant conditioning

A

Negative reinforcement - individual produces behaviour avoid

Avoid phobic stimulus

Prevents extinction

31
Q

Evaluation of the two process model

A

+ real world application - treating

+ link to bad experience
- not all phobias appear from bad experiences

32
Q

Behaviourist approach to treating phobias - systematic desensitisation

A

Based on classical conditioning - counter conditioning

CS associated with CR

Reciprocal inhibition - not possible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time

Anxiety hierarchy

Relaxation practiced at each level of hierarchy

33
Q

Evaluation of systematic desensitisation

A

+ evidence - Gilroy et al less afraid then control

+ useful for learning difficulties - not require understanding, not traumatic

+ can be done in virtual reality - avoid dangerous situations

34
Q

Behaviourist approach of treating phobias - flooding

A

Immediate exposure to stimulus.

Very quick learning through extinction - harmless

Ethical safeguards - give informed consent

35
Q

Evaluation of flooding

A

+ cost effective

  • traumatic
36
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining depression - Negative triad

A

Beck

Faulty information processing - black and white thinking

Negative self schema - all about themselves negative

Negative triad - view of the future, view of the world and view of the self

37
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining depression - ABC model

A

Ellis

A - Activating event - negative events
B - Beliefs - irrational
C - Consequences - belief not achieved

38
Q

Evaluation of Becks model

A

+ supporting research - Cohen et al early cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression

+ real world application screening for depression - cognitive vulnerability - CBT

  • ethics controversial, responsibility on depressed person
39
Q

Evaluation of Ellis’s model

A

Psychological reductionism - ignore biological and psychodynamic. Holistic may be more useful

  • only explain reactive depression rather then without triggering event. ABC only explain certain events

+ application to treatment - rational emotive behaviour therapy. Change beliefs and relive symptoms

40
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapies?

A

Method of treating depression based on cognitive techniques. Deal with thinking such as challenging the negative thoughts that interfere with a persons happiness

41
Q

Ellis’ rational emotive behaviour therapy

A

ABC - DE

Dispute - challenging irrational beliefs
Empirical - where evidence. Logical - logical way to think. Pragmatic - useful way to think

Effect - knock on effect and thoughts of the patient.

42
Q

What is behavioural activation?

A

Increasing engagement in activities to decrease avoidance and isolation. Physically active - endorphins

43
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Convincing patients to their value as a human being. Providing respect and appreciation.

44
Q

What are homework tasks?

A

Patients can be asked to complete tasks between therapy sessions

45
Q

Becks treatment of negative automatic thoughts?

A

Challenging the cognitive errors that cause the irrational thinking sending individuals into a negative cognitive triad.

Identify cognitive errors

Patient as scientist - generate hypothesis to test validity

46
Q

What dies Becks treatment resolve in?

A

Homework tasks

Reinforcement positive thoughts

Cognitive reconstruction

47
Q

Evaluation of the cognitive approach of treating depression

A

Nature v nurture - thinking not looking at biological factors - drug therapies and interactionalist approach

  • high relapse rates - 53% within a year - may need to continue periodically

+ evidence of effectiveness - March et al - CBT and antidepressants, 81% CBT and drugs, 86% combination

48
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD - genetic explanations

A

Polygenic

SERT gene - not enough serotonin - implicated OCD

COMT gene - low functioning variant too much dopamine

Vulnerability caused by diatheisis stress

Taylor - finding previous studies up to 230 different genes

49
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD - Neural explanations

A

Serotonin and dopamine - low serotonin

Abnormal brain circuit - worry circuit - high orbital frontal cortex, caudate nucleus suppress signals
Minor hazard perceived as major

50
Q

Evaluation of biological explanation of OCD

A

+ twin studies - 68% identical shared OCD, 31% non identical - validity biological approach

  • serotonin link - also suffer low mood, disrupted in many patients suffering from depression

Nature v Nurture - twin not 100%,

Biological reductionism ignore environment

51
Q

Drug therapy OCD

A

Aims to increase or decrease levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.

52
Q

What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - OCD

A

Antidepressant used to block the reuptake of serotonin in synapse

Most common

OCD = not enough, block receptor by pre-synapse

53
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs - OCD

A

Anti - anxiety drugs

Slows down activity of central nervous system

Increase flow of chloride in neuron.

54
Q

Evaluation of treatments to OCD - drugs

A
  • side effects, people become dependant, insomnia, nausea

+ research support - 17 studies SSRI with placebo - more effective in reducing - most effective combined

Nomothetic approach - applies to everyone

55
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

Reoccurring thoughts

Irrational beliefs

Cognitive coping strategies

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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