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Psychology AQA > Issues And Debates - Paper 3 > Flashcards

Issues And Debates - Paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is universality?

A

Results apply to all people

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2
Q

What is a bias?

A

Prejudice for or against a person or group

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3
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

Male dominates subject

Females misunderstood

Male behaviour accepted as normal

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4
Q

What is an Alpha Bias?

A

Exaggerates the differences

Presented as fixed and inevitable

Devalue women

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5
Q

What is an example of Alpha bias?

A

Psychodynamic theory - girls identification weaker

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6
Q

What is a Beta Bias?

A

Minimises the differences

Females not included but results applied to them

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7
Q

What is an example of Beta bias

A

Taylor et al - female befriend response, reduce fight or flight

Contradiction the assumed universal response

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8
Q

Evaluation of gender bias

A
  • promotes sexism - male published
  • challenging assumptions - Darwin sexual selection - historic

+ feminine perspective - view as normal, not deficient men

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9
Q

Why is there a culture bias in psychology?

A

Americans and students overrepresented

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10
Q

Who are most commonly seen in psychology? (Culture)

A

WEIRD

Western, educated, industrialised, rich democracies

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11
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Superiority of own culture

Europe and American behaviours norm

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12
Q

What is an example of ethnocentrism?

A

Aimsworth strange situation - not appropriate for non UK / US children

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13
Q

What is an Emic?

A

Behaviour specific to particular culture

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14
Q

What is an etic?

A

Behaviour universal to all people

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15
Q

What is an imposed etic?

A

Constructs applied inappropriately

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16
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Norms and values only meaningful in specific context

Limits universality

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17
Q

What is an evaluation of culture bias?

A
  • individualistic v collectivist - cultures not comparable, compromised validity

+ emergence cultural psychology - bias less in recent research (Cohen 2017). Shaped by culture

  • cross culture research - barriers to communication, gaining trust, understanding what is said, rely on interpreters
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18
Q

What is an interactionalist approach?

A

All characteristics combine both, attachment, environmental and hierarchy

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19
Q

What is the diathesis stress model?

A

Caused by biological and environment vulnerability

Expressed after stressor

OCD - inherit vulnerability but need psychological trigger

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20
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Change in genetic activity without change in genetic code

Lifestyle events switch genes on and off

Lifelong and passed on

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21
Q

What is nature

A

Inherited influences. Human characteristics innate

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22
Q

What is nurture

A

Environmental, mind blank slate at birth - behaviourist

23
Q

What is concordance?

A

Degree of similarity

24
Q

What is heritability

A

Proportion of differences between individuals in a population with regard to trait due to genes

25
Q

Evaluation of nature v nurture

A

+ adoption studies

+ support from epigenetics - Nazi blocked food, pregnant women - babies more likely develop schizophrenia

  • implication of the debate - aversion therapy
26
Q

What is free will?

A

To act on conscious choice, control actions

Unfalsifiable - other factors

E.g. humanistic approach

27
Q

What is determinism?

A

Factors out of control

Internal or external

Behaviour predictable

28
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

Inevitable, not responsible e.g biological approach MAOA gene

29
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

Accepts still have some choice

E.g. social learning theory

30
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

Caused by biology (genes, hormones, evolution)

31
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Features of the environment (reward / punishment )

32
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

Unconscious conflicts we can’t control

E.g. Freud, authoritarian personality - strict upbringing

33
Q

Evaluation of free will v determinism

A

+ free will practical value - exhibit external locus of control - optimistic

  • evidence support determinism - Libet et al - wrist flick, brain scan, unconscious decision first
  • responsibility in law - not consistent, free will in committing
34
Q

What is Holism?

A

The whole

Greater than sum of its parts

Humanistic psychology

35
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Break into parts

36
Q

What is parsimony?

A

All phenomena should be explained using the simplest principles

37
Q

Levels of explanation - high to low using OCD

A

Socio-cultural - behaviour seen as odd

Psychological - individual thoughts

Physical - sequence of movements

Enviro / bio - learning experience

Physiological - abnormal brain functioning

Neurochemical - underproduction of hormones

38
Q

What is biological reductionism?

A

Behaviour explained through neurochemical, physiological, evolutionary or genetic

39
Q

What is environmental reductionism?

A

Due to stimulus - response links

40
Q

What is experimental reductionism?

A

Complex behaviour reduced to single variable

Cause and effect

41
Q

What is machine reductionism?

A

Functions result of units of activity in information processing systems (memory stores).

42
Q

Evaluation of Holism v Reductionism

A
  • Holism lack practical value - can’t know most influential factors

+ reductionist scientific status - objective and reliable

  • reductionism higher level - Stanford prison, group behaviour, Holism may be more valid
43
Q

What is idiographic?

A

Detailed study of one individual

Generalisations made from findings

44
Q

Example of idiographic

A

Patient KF and Clive Wearing

45
Q

What is nomothetic?

A

Study large groups to discover norms, universal principles or laws of behaviour.

Applied individual situations (therapy)

46
Q

Example of nomothetic

A

Skinner - general laws of learning from animals

47
Q

Evaluation of idiographic v nomothetic

A

+ work together - compliments providing detail

+ both fit the aims of science and - nomothetic = objective in standardisation idiographic = objective in triangulation and reflexivity

  • nomothetic lose individual experience - general laws
48
Q

What are ethical issues?

A

Conflicts between the need for valid research and preserving the rights of participants

49
Q

What is socially sensitive research?

A

Researchers aware of the consequences of the research

Consequences should be considered at all stages of the research process

50
Q

How should research methods be structured?

A

Phrasing can influence how findings are interpreted

E.g. alternative relationships look at homosexual and overlook heterosexual relationships

51
Q

How to deal with participants?

A

Informed consent, confidentiality and protection from psychological harm

E.g. victims of domestic abuse worry about abuser finding out what they sold

52
Q

The way findings are used

A

Give scientific credibility to prejudice

IQ tests in America ww1, prejudice against Europeans.

Media interested in sensitive findings

53
Q

Evaluation of ethical issues

A

+ socially sensitive research benefit for group studies - homosexuality viewed as sociopathic. Removed 1973

+ policy makers rely on SSR - base policies on scientific research rather than politically motivated views

  • poor research design have long term impact - IQ showed fixed by 11 - led to 11+ test
54
Q

BPS guidelines - ethical issues

A

Respect

Competence

Responsibility

Integrity

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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