Schizophrenia: Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia - Genetics/Neural Correlates/Dopamine Hypothesis (KR)

Question 1

What does the biological explanation assume about SZ?

Answer 1

it is caused by physical factors of the body

Question 2

How does the genetic explanation explain sz?

Answer 2

SZ is hereditary and is passed through genes

Question 3

What are our genes?

Answer 3

genetic material that make up who we are

Question 4

What is meant by genetic predisposition?

Answer 4

based on our genetic material, the likelihood of developing a disorder

Question 5

What is the term used to describe the likelihood of developing a disorder from our genes?

Answer 5

genetic predisposition

Question 6

If we have a genetic disposition to Sz what does that mean?

Answer 6

we are more likely to develop Sz

Question 7

Sz is described as polygenic what does this mean?

Answer 7

Polygenic: multiple genes involved in the development of a disorder

Question 8

Sz is polygenic meaning that there are multiple genes involved in the development of Sz, What do we call these genes

Answer 8

Maladaptive Candidate genes

Question 9

give an example of a maladaptive candidate gene involved in Sz

Answer 9

PCM1

Question 10

if Sz is polygenic, what does that mean for an individuals vulnerability?

Answer 10

it increases and individuals vulnerability

Question 11

Why does polygenic mean that an individuals vulnerability is increased?

Answer 11

The more maladaptive genes an individual

Question 12

What have studies shown about the genetic variations for Sz?

Answer 12

there are 108 separate genetic variations

Question 13

What is meant by a concordance rate?

Answer 13

it is the probability rate

Question 14

What was the concordance rate found by Gottesman in MZ and DZ twins?

Answer 14

Mz: 48%
Dz: 17%

Question 15

What does the differences between the Mz and DZ concordance rate show us about the genetic link in SZ?

Answer 15

Closer the genetic link, the higher the probability

Question 16

What is meant by an MZ twin?

Answer 16

monozygotic: they share 100% of their genetic information

Question 17

What is meant by an DZ twin?

Answer 17

Dizygotic: they share 50% of their genetic information

Question 18

What is meant by neural correlates?

Answer 18

Abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain

Question 19

What are abnormalities in structure and brain function also refered to as?

Answer 19

neural correlates

Question 20

How are neural correlates identified?

Answer 20

through brain scans

Question 21

How what abnormality in the structure of the brain associated with SZ?

Answer 21

Enlarged ventricles

Question 22

What is an enlarged ventricle?

Answer 22

fluid filled spaces in your brain

Question 23

In a meta analysis by Raz and Raz, What did they find in individuals with SZ in their brain

Answer 23

those with SZ had enlarged ventricles compared to the control group

Question 24

How are enlarged ventricles associated with SZ?

Answer 24

they are associated with damage to central brain areas and the pre frontal cortex

Question 25

If enlarged ventricles are damaging the central areas of the brain and the pre frontal cortex, what symptoms does this lead to in SZ?

Answer 25

Negative symptoms such as avolition

Question 26

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 26

The idea that neurotransmitters work differently in those with SZ

Question 27

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 27

a chemical messenger in the brain

Question 28

How is dopamine involved in SZ?

Answer 28

either too much/too little dopamine activity in the brain

Question 29

What are the receptors in the brain called that process dopamine?

Answer 29

D2 receptors

Question 30

D2 receptors process what neurotransmitter?

Answer 30

dopamine

Question 31

What is meant by HYPERdopaminergia?

Answer 31

increase in dopamine activity

Question 32

What is meant by HYPOdopaminergia?

Answer 32

decrease in dopamine activity

Question 33

What is the term for increased dopamine activity

Answer 33

Hyperdopaminergia

Question 34

What is the term for decreased dopamine activity

Answer 34

Hypodopaminergia

Question 35

What happens when there is increased dopamine activity in the subcortex of the brain?

Answer 35

High dopamine activity in central areas such as Broca’s is associated with auditory hallucinations

Question 36

Explain auditory halluncinations using the dopamine hypothesis

Answer 36

High dopamine activity in central areas of the brain such as Broca’s areas

Question 37

What happens when there is decreased dopamine activity in the cortex?

Answer 37

low dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with avolition

Question 38

Explain avolition using the dopamine hypothesis

Answer 38

low dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with avolition

Question 39

What is the term for high dopamine activity in the subcortex?

Answer 39

Subcortical hyperdopaminergia

Question 40

What is the term for low dopamine activity in the cortex

Answer 40

Cortical hypodopaminergia