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Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations

Delusions

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2
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Speech poverty

Avolition

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3
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What are the two manuals used to diagnose schizophrenia and where are they used

A

DSM-5: America, Britain

ICD-10: Australia, Europe

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4
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What does the DSM set as the criteria to diagnose someone with schizophrenia

A

2 out of 5 symptoms

At least 1 positive symptom

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5
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What does the ICD set as the criteria to diagnose someone with schizophrenia

A

Any two symptoms

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6
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

What are the 5 symptoms of schizophrenia in the DSM and ICD

A

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganised speech

Grossly disorganised or catonic behaviour

Decreased motivation/ diminished expressiveness

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7
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

Is the reliability of the classification of schizophrenia hood or bad

A

Good

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8
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What is test retest reliability

A

When the same clinician reaches the same diagnosis for the same patient on multiple occasions

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9
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What was osorio’s experiment on test retest realisability of the classification of schizophrenia

A

Tested 180 patients in an assessment for schizophrenia

Found test retest reliability of +0.92 for the DSM

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10
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What is inter-rater reliability

A

When different clinicians come to the same diagnosis on the same patient

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11
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What was osorio’s experiment on inter-rater realiability of the classification of schizophrenia

A

Assessed 180 individuals

Found inter-rater reliability of 0.97 using DSM

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12
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

Is the validity for the classification of schizophrenia hood or bad

A

Bad

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13
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What type of validity are we concerned with with the classification of schizophrenia and what is it

A

Criterion validity- how accurately the ‘test’ used to measure schizophrenia actually measures schizophrenia

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14
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What Cheniaux find about the validity of the classification of schizophrenia

A

100 patients assessed by one doctor using DSM and another using ICD

DSM- 39 diagnosed

ICD- 68 diagnosed

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15
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What was rosenhan’s study on validity of classification of schizophrenia

A

Three woman and five men Including himself were ‘pseudopatients’

They said that they heard a ‘thud’ repeatedly to try and gain admission into 12 psychiatric facilities in 5 states

All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders

All were forced to admit to having a mental illness and take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release after saying they felt fine

The average amount of time spent in institutions was 19 days

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16
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What is co-morbidity and why is this a limitation

A

When two conditions often occur together

Questions weather two illnesses should be diagnosed separately instead of together and if schizophrenia is a distinct condition, or if it’s symptoms are just part of other conditions

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17
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

What did Buckley find about co-morbidity

A

50% of schizophrenia sufferers suffer from depression

47% of schizophrenia sufferers suffer from substance abuse

23% of schizophrenia sufferers suffer from OCD

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18
Q

issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia

Why is symptom overlap a limitation of the classification of schizophrenia

A

Bipolar includes symptoms such as hallucinations delusions and avolition

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19
Q

biological explanations- genetic

What did gottesman find about biological explanations of schizophrenia

A
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20
Q

biological explanations- genetic

What was Ripke’s experiment

A

Compared the genetic makeup of 37,000 schizophrenia patients with 113,000 controls through combining research on genome-wide studies

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21
Q

biological explanations- genetic

What did Ripke find about genetic explanations for Sz

A

There are 108 candidate genes associated with a slightly increased risk of schizophrenia

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22
Q

biological explanations- genetic

What are the strengths of biological explanations for schizophrenia

A

Supporting evidence- Tienari found that orphans who’s biological parents had Sz were more likely to develop it than a control group even if adoptee parents didn’t have it

Supporting evidence- Hilke found 33% concordance rate in MZ twins and 7% in DZ twins

Real world application- genetic counselling can be used for parents likely to have a child with Sz

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23
Q

biological explanations- genetic

What are the limitations of biological explanations for Sz

A

Birth complications cause heightened chance of Sz development (Morgan)

Smoking cannabis in teenage years heightens risk (Di Forti)

Morkved found that 67% of people with Sz reported at least one childhood trauma compared to 38% in a control group

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24
Q

biological explanations- neural correlates

What is Seeman’s dopamine hypothesis

A

Unusually high levels of dopamine are associated with with schizophrenia as neurons that transmit dopamine fire too easily or too often or there is an abnormal amount of D2 receptors.

It has been found that an excess of dopamine in subcortical brain areas such as Broca’s area may explain positive symptoms

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25
Q

biological explanations- neural correlates

What is Davis’ updated dopamine hypothesis

A

Updated because found that not all schizophrenics have high levels of dopamine and clozapine was effective for treating Sz even though it does nothing to block dopamine

New theory is of hypodopaminergia- too little dopamine. This means that a lack of dopamine in areas such as the PFC can be seen to cause negative symptoms

Overall, can be seen that both hyperdopaminergia and hypodomaminergia in different brain areas are associated with different symptoms of schizophrenia

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26
Q

biological explanations- neural correlates

What are the strengths of neural correlates as an explanation for Sz

A

Currant- amphetamines increase dopamine and also worsen and induce symptoms of Sz

Tauscher- antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine levels and intensity of symptoms

Ripke- some of the candidate genes proposed by Ripke act on production of dopamine

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27
Q

biological explanations- neural correlates

What are the limitations of neural correlates as an explanation for Sz

A

Role of glutamate ignored- McCutcheon found using brain scans and post-mortems of schizophrenics that they had increased levels of glutamate. Shows the dopamine theory is over-simplified

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28
Q

psychological explanations

what are the two psychological explanations for schizophrenia

A

Family dysfunction

Cognitive explanations

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29
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what is the definition of family dysfunction

A

the abnormal processes within a family, such as poor communication, cold parenting and high levels of expressed emotion

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30
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

who proposed the theory of the schizophrenogenic mother

A

Reichmann-1948

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31
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what is the theory of the schizophrenogenic mother

A

when a mother is cold and distant yet dominating and controlling this can explain why a person is schizophrenic

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32
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

who devised the double-bind theory

A

Bteson-1972

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33
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what is the double-bind theory

A

when a child is faced with a situation where they don’t want to do the wrong thing but don’t know what it is due to receiving mixed messages, then when the child makes the wrong decision (which happens frequently) they are punished

this is a problem because is that this miscommunication can lead. to a child thinking the world is a dangerous and confusing place

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34
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what symptoms of schizophrenia is the double-bind theory thought to cause

A

disorganised thinking

paranoid delusions

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35
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what is the expressed emotion theory

A

the theory that a schizophrenia sufferer is more likely to relapse due to the poor quality of interaction with their family- it refers to high amounts of emotion (mainly negative) being directed at the sufferer

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36
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what are the three types of expressed emotion

A

hostility- being angry with the sufferer and rejecting them

emotional over-involvement- being too controlling and sacrificing things for the sufferer

verbal criticism- insulting or putting down the individual

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37
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what is a strength of family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia

A

good supporting evidence- Read found that adults with Sz were more likely to have insecure attachment types (C or D) and that 69% of women and 59% of men with Sz were physically or sexually assaulted as a child. this shows a link between childhood and developing sz

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38
Q

psychological explanations- family dysfunction

what are the limitations of family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia

A

report techniques- evidence based off retrospective, subjective report techniques that can distort recollections (under-report good memories, over-report bad memories)- this means poor internal validity

socially sensitive- places blame on family and specifically mother- can induce guilt and increase likelihood of neuroticism leading to schizophrenogenic behaviour

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39
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

What are the cognitive explanations of schizophrenia

A

Sz is associated with several types of dysfunctional though processing- as seen through the hallucinations and delusions that can be seen in sufferers

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40
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what are the two types of dysfunctional thought processing Frith identified as causing Sz

A

Meta-representation dysfunction

lack of central control

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41
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is the definition of dysfunctional though processing

A

when a person struggles to reflect on their own thoughts and behaviour as well as struggling to interpret the thoughts and beliefs of others. This leads to a person not being able to recognise that their thoughts and and actions are caused by themselves, not others

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42
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what symptoms does dysfunctional thought processing cause

A

auditory hallucinations

delusions

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43
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

why does dysfunctional thought processing cause auditory hallucinations and delusions

A

a person would not be able to tell their own thoughts from others

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44
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is the definition of a lack of central control

A

when a person is unable to think before they speak or act- causing unusual behaviours.

This is because they are unable to suppress automatic responses when doing deliberate actions

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45
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what symptoms does a lack of central control cause in schizophrenics

A

disorganised thoughts, speech and behaviour

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46
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

why does a lack of central control cause disorganised thoughts, speech and behaviours

A

because a person cannot suppress automatic responses

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47
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is a strength of the cognitive explanations of schizophrenia

A

Stirling compared 30 schizophrenics to 30 controls and found that people with schizophrenia took twice as long to complete the Stroop test (word colours)- this shows a link between a lack of central control and schizophrenia as schizophrenics couldn’t suppress automatic responses

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48
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is a limitation of the cognitive explanations of schizophrenia

A

cognitive are ‘proximal explanations’ not ‘distal explanations’ as they only show what is happening now that causes symptoms not explaining how it occurred initially- this shows that cognitive explanations to not explain the root of the problem, therefore they do not help with trying to treat the condition

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49
Q

psychological therapy- CBT

what is the assumption of cognitive behavioural therapy

A

schizophrenia is the result of dysfunctional thinking

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50
Q

psychological therapy- CBT

how many sessions of CBT does a schizophrenic usually have

A

5-20

NICE recommend 16

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51
Q

psychological therapy- CBT

how does CBT tackle schizophrenia

A

Recognising- patient recognises dysfunctional thought

Educating- explaining where patients symptoms actually come from (dopamine etc)

Normalising- make patient realise what they experience is normal (voices just an expression of thought)

(reality) Testing- testing if patients beliefs are actually true

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52
Q

psychological therapy- CBT

what are the strengths of CBT as a therapy for schizophrenia

A

supporting evidence- Jauhar conducted a meta analysis of 34 studies where CBT was used and found evidence for significant effects on positive and negative symptoms- better than drugs which only effect positive symptoms

supporting evidence- Pontillo found CBT reduced the severity of auditory hallucinations and the national institute for health and care excellence (NICE) recommended CBT for schizophrenia, showing both research and clinical experience suggest CBT

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53
Q

psychological therapy- CBT

what are the limitations of CBT as a therapy for schizophrenia

A

not standardised- Thomas pointed out that different studies use different CBT techniques on people with different symptoms- CBT may be more effective for some than it is for others

doesn’t cure issue- CBT is palliative not curative as Sz is biological and the treatment is psychological so it doesn’t tackle the root of the problem

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54
Q

biological therapy

how can drug therapy be used to treat sz

A

antipsychotic medication is prescribed to reduce symptoms

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55
Q

biological therapy

how do all anti-psychotics work

A

by reducing dopaminergic transmission

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56
Q

biological therapy

what are the two types of antipsychotics

A

typical

atypical

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57
Q

biological therapy

what is a type of typical antipsychotic

A

chlorpromazine

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58
Q

biological therapy

how does chlorpromazine work

A

block dopamine receptors in the brain which initially causes an increase of dopamine levels but overtime the production of dopamine is reduced

59
Q

biological therapy

what is the average daily does of chlorpromazine

A

400-800 mg

maximum of 1,000 mg

60
Q

biological therapy

what effects does chlorpromazine have on symptoms and why

A

reduces positive symptoms as these are caused by hyperdopaminergia

61
Q

biological therapy

what are the two types of atypical antipsychotic

A

clozapine

risperidone

62
Q

biological therapy

when was clozapine invented

A

1970’s

63
Q

biological therapy

when was chlorpromazine invented

A

1950’s

64
Q

biological therapy

why was clozapine invented

A

to treat sz with fewer side effects for the patient

65
Q

biological therapy

how is clozapine taken

A

tablet only

66
Q

biological therapy

how is chlorpromazine taken

A

tablets, syrup or injection

67
Q

biological therapy

whats the dosage per day of clozapine

A

450 mg

68
Q

biological therapy

how does clozapine differ from typical antipsychotics

A

not only binds to dopamine receptors but also serotonin and glutamate receptors

69
Q

biological therapy

why is clozapine binding to dopamine, glutamate and serotonin receptors a good thing

A

all are associated with sz

increase of serotonin makes it good for suicidal or depressed patients as can lift mood and relax the patient

70
Q

biological therapy

when was risperidone invented

A

1990’s

71
Q

biological therapy

why was risperidone invented

A

to overcome serious side effects of clozapine

72
Q

biological therapy

how is risperidone taken

A

tablet, liquid or injection

73
Q

biological therapy

what receptors does risperidone bind to

A

dopamine and serotonin

74
Q

biological therapy

how does risperidone differ from clozapine and what does this mean

A

binds to dopamine receptors more strongly

makes it more effective in smaller doses

75
Q

biological therapy

whats the daily dosage of risperidone

A

4-8 mg

maximum of 12 mg

76
Q

biological therapy

what are the severe side effects of chlorpromazine

A

tardive dyskinesia- involuntary face movements

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)- high temperature, delirium and coma which could be fatal

77
Q

biological therapy

what percentage of chlorpromazine takers suffer from NMS

A

1%

78
Q

biological therapy

what are the less severe side effects of chlorpromazine

A

sedation, dizziness, stiff jaw, weight gain, itchy skin

79
Q

biological therapy

what is the severe side effect of clozapine

A

agranulocytosis- lowered amounts of white blood cells, making patient more susceptible to bacteria and infections which could be fatal

80
Q

biological therapy

what are the less severe side effects of clozapine

A

dizziness, headaches, nausea, blurred vision

81
Q

biological therapy

what are the severe side effects of risperidone

A

nothing

82
Q

biological therapy

what are the less severe side effects of risperidone

A

agitation, anxiety, blurred vision, muscle spasms

83
Q

biological therapy

What was Gilbert’s meta analysis show (AO3)

A

Oversaw 66 studies and found that 53% of patients relapse after 10 months not on medication compared to 16% who did take it

Straight as it shows antipsychotics are effective in treating symptoms

Can be a limitation as shows people have to take a medication that has severe side effects for their whole life

84
Q

biological therapy

What was Meltzers study? (AO3)

A

Compared clozapine to other drugs. Found that it worked for 30-50% of treatment-resistant people

Strength as it shows it works when other treatments fail as fits to three receptors- D,S and G

85
Q

biological therapy

What is the problem of side effects of antipsychotics

A

Can decrease quality of life and people may chose to not take medication as is worse for them than schizophrenia itself

86
Q

biological therapy

What is the problem with the second dopamine hypothesis and medication (AO3)

A

Hypodopaminergia is the theory when there is too little dopamine in cortical areas so if antipsychotics limits the uptake of dopamine can make people depressed

87
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What is the aim of family therapy

A

Aims to improve the quality of communication and interaction between family members

88
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What did Pharoah identify as strategies in family therapy

A

Reduce negative emotions- reduce expressed emotion which should reduce a sufferers stress and relapse rates

Improves family ability to help- makes family all agree on how they will help to maintain a normal life while helping the sufferer

89
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What are Burbachs proposed model for family therapy

A

Basic information

Resources

Safe space

C

Stress management

Relapse prevention

Maintenance

90
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What supporting evidence is there that frailty therapy is successful (AO3)

A

McFarlane found that relapse rates were reduced by 50-60% due to family therapy

NICE recommends family therapy

This shows that it can help patients lead normal lives without suffering side effects and the risk of relapse

91
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What did Barrowclough say about family therapy (AO3)

A

Does not just benefit the schizophrenic but also their family as it lessens the impact on them so they can help the sufferer more

This is a strength because it shows how the family learn to understand and tackle the problem which benefits all parties and limits the effects of schizophrenia on their everyday lives

92
Q

pyschological therapy- family therapy

What are the economic benefits of family therapy

A

Reduces the amount of time patients need to be in hospital so costs less for NHS

93
Q

management of schizophrenia

describe the first use of a TES

A

Allyon and Azrin used one in a women psychiatric ward in 1968

94
Q

management of schizophrenia

what did Allyon and Azrin find about TES and what did this lead to

A

found out the number of positive behaviours displayed increased significantly

led to increased use of TES in 70’s

95
Q

management of schizophrenia

what did Matson find TES helped with

A

personal care, condition-related behaviours and social behaviour

96
Q

management of schizophrenia

what two things do TES do positively

A

improves quality of life

normalises behaviour

97
Q

management of schizophrenia

what is selective reinforcement in regards to TES

A

a type of reinforcement which aims to increase positive behaviours by rewarding them while extinguishing negative behaviours through not responding to them

98
Q

management of schizophrenia

what kind of reinforcer are tokens

A

secondary reinforcer

99
Q

management of schizophrenia

what is the primary reinforcement er in TES

A

rewards such as being able to watch a film

100
Q

management of schizophrenia

What did Glowacki find about TES (AO3)

A

Examined 7 studies from 1999-2013

all studies showed a reduction of negative symptoms and decline in frequency of unwanted behaviours

strength as makes patients more ready for real world and makes institutions better places

101
Q

management of schizophrenia

what is a problem with Glowacki’s research (AO3)

A

seven studies isn’t many- ‘file drawer problem Amy be an issue’

problem as makes TES seem more effective than they actually are

102
Q

management of schizophrenia

what are the ethical issues of TES (AO3)

A

discriminates against those who are extremely ill. Eg those who are too mentally unwell to make bed etc will receive less rewards so their time in hospital will be made worse-this has lead to peoples family members taking legal action in the past

103
Q

management of schizophrenia

what did Chiang say about TES

A

art therapy is a ‘high-gain, low-risk’ alternative as doesn’t have ethical issues so may be better to use

104
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the interactionist approach

A

combines biological and psychological explanations and they say they interact with each other to cause Sz

104
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is diathesis

A

vulnerability

105
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what does stress mean

A

a negative psychological experience

106
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the diathesis stress model

A

when a person with vulnerability to a mental disorder goes through trauma which causes the development of a disorder

107
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what was Meehl’s original model

A

that there was one ‘schizogene’ a person could have which when combined with stress could make them schizophrenic. someone without this gene could undergo any amount of stress and not get schizophrenic

108
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what disproves Meehl’s model

A

Ripke discovering there is 108 genes that can cause Sz

109
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

how does the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal system (HPA) support the neurodevelopmental model

A

this model proposes early trauma alters development of the brain

The HPA can be more overactive due to child abuse leading to a person being more vulnerable to stress later in life

110
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

how has the understanding of ‘stress’ changed over time

A

used to be seen as psychological in nature and particularly treated to parenting. Now refers to anything that can trigger schizophrenia- for example cannabis use (Houston)

111
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

how does cannabis use act as a stressor

A

makes Sz up to 7 times more likely as it increases dopamine levels

112
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what did Tienari find which support=s the interactionist approach (AO3)

A

studied 19000 Finnish children. 145 hwere adoptees with one parent with Sz. these were compared to a control of adoptees without this genetic risk. found that those with adoptee parents who were critical and had conflict were more likely to develop sz, but this was only in those who had the sz genes

113
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the problem with Meehl’s original model (AO3)

A

OVERSIMPLIFIED- Ripke found 108 genes that cause Sz

114
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what did Houston find which supports the interactionist approach

A

studied surveys with schizophrenics and found 543 reported childhood sexual abuse and 643 reported cannabis use before the age of 16

115
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the interactionist approach to treatment

A

using a combination of CBT and drug therapy

116
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what did Turkington say about the interactionist approach to treatment

A

it is possible to believe in biological causes of Sz but use CBT to reduce symptoms

117
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the most common way to treat schizophrenics in Britain

A

combination of CBT and drugs

118
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is the most common way to treat schizophrenics in the USA

A

drugs

this is due to conflict between biological and psychological models for sz

119
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what was Tarriers research into interactionist treatment of Sz (AO3)

A

three groups

medication and CBT group, medication and counselling, control

found that in both interactionist groups there were lower symptom levels but there were no differences in hospital readmission rates

120
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is Jarvis and Okamis view on interactionist treatment

A

treatment-causation fallacy present, the belief that because a treatment is effective then it validates the cause of the disorder (there are biological and psychological causes of the disorder)

121
Q

the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

what is urbanisation (AO3)

A

schizophrenia likely to occur when someone moves from a rural area to a busy city (trigger)

however this could be because young people more likely to do this or they are more likely to be diagnosed

122
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what does ICD stand for

A

international classification of disease

123
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what does DSM stand for

A

diagnostic and statistical manual

124
Q
A
125
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what are hallucinations

A

unusual sensory experiences- can be auditory or visual

126
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what are delusions

A

irrational beliefs (also known as paranoia). can involve a person believing they are someone they are not or that they are being followed etc. can lead to violence

127
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what is speech poverty

A

a reduction in the quality of speech of a person, can be seen in a delay of verbal response etc.

speech disorganisation more of a focus- this is whej people change conversation mid sentence or speech becomes incoherent. this is a positive symptom in the DSM

128
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

what is avolition

A

when a person finds it difficult to begin or keep up with goal-directed activity

anderson suggested three signs of avolition- poor hygiene, lack of persistance, lack of energy

129
Q

issues with diagnosis of schizophrenia

what are the types of issues with diagnosis of sz

A

good reliability

poor validity

co-morbidity

gender bias

culture bias

symptom overlap

130
Q

issues with diagnosis of schizophrenia

what did osorio find about reliability of diagnosis of sz

A

in a sample of 180- inter-rater reliability was 0.97 and test-retest reliability was 0.92

131
Q

issues with diagnosis of schizophrenia

why is gender bias an issue in sz diagnosis

A

men diagnosed more often than women (1.4:1)

cotton suggests that this is because women are better at seeking help than men so deal with sz better.

suggests women may not be receiving treatment that might benefit them

132
Q

issues with diagnosis of schizophrenia

why is culture bias an issue in sz diagnosis

A

some symptoms have different meanings in different cultures- hearing voices seen as commun ication with ancestors in afro-carribean culture

afro-carribeans 10x more likely to be diagnosed than white people in englans. not the case in africa. escobar says this is due to overinterpretation of symptoms in black british people.

shows discrimination and culture bias in diagnosis

133
Q

biological explanations- genetic

what is the role of genetic mutation in sz

A

mutation can occur through radsiation, poison or viral infection

134
Q

biological explanations- genetic

what was browns research into genetic mutation

A

positive correlationb between parental age and sz

0.7% chance when father under 25
2% chance when father is over 50

135
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what part does dysfunctional thinking play in sz

A

sz associated with multiple types of faulty information processing

this is seen in many of its symptoms

136
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what evidence is there for dysfunctional thinking causing sz

A

reduced thought processing in ventral striatum- negative symptoms

reduced processing in temporal gyrus and cingulate gyrus- hallucinations

137
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is metarepresentation dysfunction

A

metarepresentation is our ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour

a dysfunction in this disrupts ability to to recognise our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves. this explains delusions and hallucinations

138
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is central control dysfunction

A

this results in speech poverty and thought disorder as a person is believed to not be able to supress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by thoughts.

139
Q

psychological explanations- cognitive

what is the stroop test (AO3)

A

stirling tested on 30 sz and 30 controls their ability to read a name of a colour in a diffrent colour. found on average a much better performance in the control group. proving a central control dysfunction is a valid explanation

140
Q

biological treatments

what can typical antipsychotics be described as

A

dopamine antagonists

141
Q

biological treatments

why are typical antipsychotics dopamine antagonists

A

typical AP such as chlorpromazine rblock dopamine receptors in the brain which reduces action of dopamine

142
Q

biological treatments

what other effect do typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine have

A

sedation effect- used to calm those with sz and other disorders in situations such as in hospital to seate them. usually a syrup not a tablet for this as syrup dissolves faster

Psychology (13 decks)

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