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Attatchment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

An emotional bond between two people. Usually a primary caregiver and an infant. This is a two way relationship

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2
Q

What are the two infant-caregiver interactions?

A

Reciprocity and interactions synchrony

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3
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When an infant and caregiver respond to each others signals.

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4
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When an infant and a caregiver perform the same action at the same time.

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5
Q

What is a strength of caregiver-infant interactions?

A

Real world application- can help people be better parents in the future. Crotwell said that just 10 mins of parent child interaction therapy improved interactional synchrony.

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6
Q

What are two limitations of infant-caregiver interactions?

A

L- hard to observe- infants lack coordination so their actions may not be intentional

L- no explanation- observes can see R and IS happening but don’t say what it does for attachments

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7
Q

What are scaffer’s four stages of attachment?

A

Asocial stage

Indiscrimate attachment

Specific attachment

Multiple attachment

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8
Q

What are two strengths of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?

A

S-Good external validity- observations made during normal activities done by parents and infants so mirror the real world

S- real world application- parents can plan when their child goes to daycare depending on which stage they are in

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9
Q

What are two limitations of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?

A

L- low internal validity- mothers are the main observers for the evidence and may be biased

L- lack of evidence- in asocial stage babies are very very young so don’t have much control over actions so hard to tell what they are doing

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10
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson say about the role of the father?

A

The father is the SC not the PC

In only 3% of cases was the father the PC

75% of babies formed an attachment with their father by 18 months

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11
Q

What did Grossman say about the role of the father?

A

The fathers role is different to that of the mothers

The fathers role is to play with and stimulate the child not nurture

Found that the quality of a teen’s relationship with their father linked to how much their father played with them at a young age

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12
Q

What did Field say about the role of the father?

A

Fathers can be the PC and nurture the child

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13
Q

What are strengths and limitations of animal studies on attachment?

A

Consent not a problem

Cheaper

Drugs can be tested



Cannot be generalised to humans all the time

Still unethical

Cannot get consent

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14
Q

What did Lorenz find out about imprinting?

A

Geese imprinted onto him immediately

Critical period is between 4-25 hours

Geese showed no recognition of real mother

Geese could also imprint on objects

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15
Q

What is sexual imprinting?

A

When an animal will only direct courtship to the same species that they are imprinted on. Lorenz studied a peacock that imprinted on a giant tortoise which would then only go for tortoises in the future

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16
Q

What did Harlow discover from his monkey experiment?

A

Both groups spent more time with the cloth mother

They would only go to wire mother for food

If faced with something scary they would take refuge with the cloth mother

They were more adventurous when the cloth mother was present

Contact comfort more important than food to monkeys

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17
Q

What were the long term effects of Harlow’s experiment on monkeys?

A

They were more timid

They were bad at interacting with other monkeys and could be aggressive

They had difficulty mating

Females were ‘inadequate’ mothers and some even killed their offspring

Those raised by the wire mother were the most dysfunctional

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18
Q

What did Harlow found find about the critical period for the attachment of rhesus monkeys?

A

If the monkeys were with the fake mother for more than 90 days the damage was irreversible

The critical period is therefore 90 days

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19
Q

What are social releases

A

‘Cute’ innate actions carried out by an infant

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20
Q

What is the Critical period

A

6 weeks - 2 years

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21
Q

What is bowlbys IWM

A

The quality of a child’s attachment with their parents will affect how good their attachment will be with their future kids

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22
Q

What is a weakness of monotropy

A

L- contrasting views- Schaffer and Emerson say that although the primary attachment appears particularly strong emotional support and a safe base can be provided by other attachments

L- negative effect- Burman said that the theory of accumulation separation lead to thr opression of woman as it says them working is a bad thing

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23
Q

What are the strengths of monotropy

A

S- supporting evidence- Bailey tested 99 mothers in 2007 using a standard interview and found that mothers with bad attachments to their mothers had poorly attached babies

S- supporting evidence- Brazleton reported seeing interactional synchrony and that when babies did a social released that the mother ignored the baby showed signs of distress

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24
Q

How many mothers and children did Ainsworth observe

A

26

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25
Q

What behaviours were observed by ainsworth

A

Proximity seeking

Exploration and safe base behaviour

Stranger anxiety

Separation anxiety

Reunion response

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26
Q

What are the three types of attachment that Ainsworth identified

A

Type B- secure attachment

Type A- insecure avoidant

Type C- insecure resistant

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27
Q

How do secure infants react to: separation, strangers, reunion, exploring

A

Distressed when mother leaves

Avoids strangers when alone but interacts when mother is present

Happy when mother returns

Use mother as safe base to explore environment

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28
Q

What percentage of infants in the UK are ‘secure’

A

60-75%

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29
Q

How do insecure resistant infants react to: separation, strangers, reunion, exploring

A

Intense distress when mother leaves

Fears strangers

Approaches mother but may push her away

Clings to mother

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30
Q

What percentage of infants in the UK are insecure resistant

A

3%

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31
Q

How do insecure avoidance infants react to: separation, strangers, reunion, exploring

A

No signs of distress when mother leaves

Plays normally when stranger is present

Little interest when mother returns

Mother and stranger can comfort infant equally well

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32
Q

What are strengths of the ‘strange situationI’

A

Good external validity- filmed so can be analysed over and over again. Bick found there was a 94% inter-reliability rate. Environment heavily controlled

Real world application- studies have shown that ‘secure’ kids have better mental health and grades in the future. Shows that ainsworths classifications were accurate and encourage good parenting.

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33
Q

What are the limitations of Ainsworths study

A

Lacks generalisability- Takashi did the same study in Japan and found the norm was insecure resistant as that is what is normal for their culture

Lacks validity- Main and Weston found that the child’s reactions depended to which parent they were with. Shows the study is measuring the characteristics of an individual not a relationship

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34
Q

What is the normal state of attachment Germany

A

Insecure avoidant

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35
Q

What is the normal state of attachment in Japan

A

Insecure resistant

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36
Q

What are the insecure avoidant rates in Germany, Israel, Japan and Britain according to van Ijezendoorm and kroonenburg

A

G- 35%

I- 7%

J- 5%

GB- 22%

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37
Q

What was Van Ijezendoorn and Kroonbergs study

A

Meta analysis of 32 attatchment studies

1990 children studies

8 different countries studied

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38
Q

What did Van Ijezendoorn and Kroonberg find about insecure resistant rates in Germany, Israel, Japan and GB

A

G- 8%

I- 29%

J- 27%

GB-3%

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39
Q

What did Sinonella find about secure and insecure avoidant rates of children in Italy

A

Secure- 50%

Insecure avoidant- 36%

40
Q

What are the strengths of cultural variation in attatchment

A

Good internal validity- indigenous researchers used in studies such as Simonella’s and Jin (Korea). Means language barriers etc are not an issue

41
Q

What are the limitations of cultural differences in attatchment

A

- lack of generalisability- imposed Etic used so may measure foreign children against western ones.

- confounding variables- environmental and participant variables such as class, room size, age may affect results making studies have poor external validity

42
Q

What did bowlby claim was the critical period

A

2.5 years

43
Q

What did Bowlby find in his 44 thieves study

A

14 affectionless psychopaths

12/14 experienced maternal deprivation before 2.5

In a control group of non thieves only 2 had experienced maternal deprivation

44
Q

What is a strength of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

Supported by Harlow- 90 day critical period and bad lasting consequences for maternally deprecated rhesus monkeys

45
Q

What are limitations of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

Confounding variables- used children from his clinic in London. Many had been orphaned by WW2 and raised in bad orphanages. These are unique circumstances and won’t reflect other samples.

Researcher bias- Bowlby knew what he hoped to find and conducted interviews himself. Would have asked questions and read into information that would point to affectionless psychopathy

Contrasting evidence- Czech twin study showed twins who were ‘disabled’ at 7 due to neglect make a full recovery by adulthood

46
Q

Who did the Czech twin study

A

Koluchova 1976

47
Q

How many Romanian orphans were there by 1989 ans why

A

100,000

President ceasecu believed that an increase in population would lead to rapid industrialisation.

Banned abortion for woman under 40 with less than 4 kids

Banned contraception

Added a tax for all childless woman in 1977

48
Q

What was Rutter’s English and Romanian adoptee study

A

Observed a group of 165 Romanian orphans living in Britain

Would asses them at ages 4,6,11 ans 15

Compared to a control group of 52 English adoptees

49
Q

What did Rutter find about cognitive development of Romania orphans adopted: before 6 months, 6 months-2 years, after 2 years

A

6 months- 102 average IQ

6 months- 2 years: 86 average IQ

After 2 years: 77 average IQ

50
Q

What did Rutter find about the attachment style of Romania orphans adopted: before 6 months, 6 months-2 years, after 2 years

A

6 months- not disinhibted

Later- disinhibted

51
Q

What was Zeanah’s study on institutionalisation

A

Assessed the attachment of 95 children from 12-31 months who has spent over 90% of their lives in institutions and compared them to a control group with a ‘normal family’

52
Q

What did Zeanah find

A

Institutionalised children- 19% secure attachment. 44% disinhibted attatchment

Normal children- 65% secure attatchment. 20% disinhibted

53
Q

What are the effects of institutionalisation

A

Physical underdevelopment

Poor parenting (Quinton 1984)

Disinhibted attachment

Intellectual under-functioning

54
Q

What are the strengths of effects of institutionalisation.

A

Real world application- studying Romanian orphans increased our understanding about such situations and Langton says had lead to an improvement in the way children are cared for in institutions. This improves quality fo life for many children

Good interval validity- less confounding variables as Romanian children had been institutionalised from birth meaning many shared the same experiences.

55
Q

What are the weaknesses of the effects of institutionalisation

A

Lack of generalisability- situation in Romania was unique and the majority of institutionalised children around the worlds had better living conditions.

Self fulfilling prophecy- former Romanian orphans may be treated differently in later life meaning they can’t avoid different development to others

56
Q

What did Kerns say about quality of peer friendships

A

Secure infants have the best quality friendships later on

Insecure infants have difficulty forming peer friendships later on

57
Q

What was Hazan and Shaver’s love quiz

A

100 questions in American newspaper split into 3 sections:

1) about current or most important love interest

2) asked about general love experiences

3) asked about early childhood experiences and attachment type

620 individual replied

58
Q

What were the finding of Hazam and Shaver’s love quiz

A

56% securely attached

25% insecure resistant

19% insecure avoidant

Secure= more likely to have healthy long lasting relationships

Insecure= more jealous and fear of intimacy

59
Q

What are secure adults:

Different love experiences

View of relationships

Memories of mother child relationships

A

Different love experiences: positive

View of relationships: trust others, love is enduring

Memories of mother child relationships: positive- dependant and caring

60
Q

What are insecure resistant adults:

Different love experiences

View of relationships

Memories of mother child relationships

A

Different love experiences: preoccupied by love

View of relationships: fall in love easily but true love hard to find

Memories of mother child relationships: conflicting- positive and rejecting

61
Q

What are insecure avoidant adults:

Different love experiences

View of relationships

Memories of mother child relationships

A

Different love experiences: fearful of closeness

View of relationships: love not necessary for happiness

Memories of mother child relationships: cold and rejecting

62
Q

What was Bailey’s experiment

A

Assessed attachment types of mothers to their babies and to their own mothers

Done through strange situation (babies) and attachment interviews (mothers)

63
Q

What were the findings of Bailey’s study

A

Majority had same attachment type to their mothers as they did to their infants

64
Q

What did Quinton research

A

50 mothers who were from families compared to 50 mothers from institutions

65
Q

What did Quinton find

A

Mothers from institutions likely to be worse and have children end up in care

66
Q

What are the strengths of influence of early attachment types on later relationships

A

Supporting evidence- Fearon and Roisman concluded previous attachment was most predicative of later events.

Real world application- encourages mothers to take better care of children as they know it may effect them in the long term

67
Q

What are the weaknesses of influence of early attachment types on later relationships

A

Contradictory evidence- Regensburg concluded from a longitudinal study that there was no evidence for continuity of attachment type from 1-16

Self fulfilling prophecy- if a child is expected to be bad at forming relationships because of its upbringing it may be treated differently so this becomes true

68
Q

what is the learning theory of attachment (Dollard and Miller)

A

Humans are born as blank slates

Dollard and Miller proposed that caregiver-infant attachment can be explained by learning theory which argues that attachment is a learned behaviour acquired through classical and operant attachment

their approach is sometimes called 'cupboard love theory' because it emphasises the importance of the caregiver as provider of food

69
Q

how does classical conditioning apply to attachment with food

A

food (US) happy child (UR)

mother (NS) no response

Food (US)+mother(NS) happy (UR)

mother (NS) happy (CR)

70
Q

How does operant conditioning explain babies crying

A

when a baby cries it often receives comfort such as feeding or comforting. This makes them more likely to cry as they know they receive good things (positive reinforcement). This is a two-way process as the mother receives negative reinforcement as the crying stops

71
Q

what is a strength of the learning theory of attachment

A

classical and operant conditioning do play a role in attachment- it is unlikely that food and provision of comfort are the primary factor in forming attachments but operant and classical conditioning do play a big role in later human development so it is likely that it is also a factor in attachment

72
Q

what are the limitations of the learning theory of attachment

A

contradictory evidence: animal studies- Lorenz and Harlow's experiments demonstrate how attachment is not affected by feeding. this can be applied to humans as learning theorists view humans and animals as equivalent

contradictory evidence: humans- Schaffer and Emerson showed that babies developed a 'primary attachment' to their mother even though other carers did most the feeding


contradictory evidence: theories- Isabella found that quality of attachment is associated with reciprocity and interactional synchrony. These two theories cannot co-exist as if cupboard love was the only thing that affected attachment there would be no purpose for these more complex theories- but evidence shows they do play a part.

73
Q

what is the definition of monotropy

A

evolutionary explanation that sees attachment as as an innate system for a survival advantage

belief that the more time an infant spent with their mother the better

74
Q

what are the two key principles to illustrate the importance of monotropy

A

the law of continuity- the more constant and predictable a child's carer, the better the quality of attachment

the law of accumulated separation- stated that the effects of every separation from the mother adds up and ;the safest dose is therefore a zero does' (Bowlby 1975)

75
Q

what are the difficulties caused if an infant does not form an attachment with their caregiver within 2 years

A

delinquency

reduced intelligence

increased aggression

depression

76
Q

what did Bowlby say about the importance of the love of a mother to their baby

A

'Mother love in infancy is just as important for a child's mental health, as vitamins and minerals are for its physical health'

77
Q

what is required during the critical period

A

a continuous, unbroken relationship with one person

78
Q

what is the role of the IWM on later relationships

A

IWM is the mental representation we carry around of our relationship with our PC- including what we THINK relationships should be like

similar to the concept of schema

helps you to predict behaviour of others bu using your past experiences to understand it

79
Q

What did Kern find about the effects of early attachment on childhood friendships

A

securely attached children form the best quality friendships

insecurely attached children have friendship difficulties

80
Q

what did Myron-Wilson and Smith find about effects of childhood attachment on bullying

A

securely attached un likely to be involved

insecure avoidant likely to be bullied

insecure resistant likely to be bullies

81
Q

what did McCarthy find about effects of early attachments on adult friendships and romantic relationships

A

secure- best quality

resistant- couldn't maintain friendships

avoidant- struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships

82
Q

what is continuity hypothesis

A

based off IWM

there will be continuity between early attachments and later relationships

the quality of a Childs first attachment is crucial and affect the nature of later realtionships

83
Q

what are 'alert phases' (R and IS)

A

when babies are more active- picked up on two thirds of the time by PC

84
Q

what was Meltzoff's experiment into IS

A

gave mothers 3 facia expressions and 3 hand gestures to do to child

13 children seen to replicate

85
Q

what was Isabella's research into caregiver infant interactions

A

correlation between R and IS and quality of attachment

86
Q

describe the asocial stage

A

doesn't discriminate between objects and humans

some preference towards humans

start to form bonds with certain people

87
Q

describe the indiscriminate stage

A

2-7 months

prefers some humans to others

no separation or stranger anxiety

88
Q

describe the specific stage

A

find the PC (mother- 65%)

separation and stranger anxiety shown

89
Q

describe the multiple attachment stage

A

form secondary attachments

29% form secondary attachments within a month of PA

90
Q

what was Schaffer and Emersons research for stages of attachment

A

observed 60 working class families in Glasgow

31 boys 29 girls

would visit every month for a year and once again at 18 months

asked the mother about babies behaviours

91
Q

why is attachment a secondary drive (learning theory)

A

food is the biological primary drive making the attachment figure generalised to this and the secondary drive

92
Q

how do Schaffer and Emerson challenge bowlby's mono tropic theory (AO3)

A

suggest some babies form multiple meaning attachments not just one and that although the PC does influence later relationships this is because the bond is stronger not different

93
Q

why does the strange situation have good predicative validity (AO3)

A

predicts different roles in bullying and academia of different attachment types- measures something important

94
Q

what did Kennedy find about Rutter's research into institutionalisation

A

at 15 and 22-25 institutionalised kids were more likely to have ADHD

95
Q

what research is there that shows fathers can be the primary attachment figure

A

field filmed four month olds face to face with PC mothers SC fathered and PC fathers. found that PC fathers spent more time smiling imitating and holding babies than SC fathers.

96
Q

what are the limitations of the role of the father

A

conflicting evidence- McCallum and Golombok found that children raised in lesbian households Developed the same as other kids (contrasts Grossman)

97
Q

what are the strengths of the role of the father

A

real world application- parental anxiety reduced- heterosexual women put at ease as men can be PC. lesbian women put at ease as fathers not necessary (Schaffer and Emerson)

Psychology (13 decks)

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