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Psychology > A2 Research Methods > Flashcards

A2 Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is content analysis used for

A

turning qualitative data into quantitive data

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2
Q

how does content analysis work

A

familiarise yourself with material

pick out common themes

turn these into coding categories

work through source material

tally every time something fits into a category

look over quantitive data and come to conclusions

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3
Q

what is Cumberbatch and Gauntlett’s experiment of content analysis

A

wanted to see how often smoking, alcohol and drug abuse featured in Tv shows watched by 10-15 year olds and how they were handled

programmes between August and October 2004 were sampled with 256 programmes over all- 70% were soap operas, all broadcast before 9 pm

alcohol related scenes- 12.0 instances per hour

smoking related scenes- 3.4 per hour

drug related scenes- 1.7 per hour

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4
Q

what is thematic analysis

A

type of content analysis

summarises qualitative data

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5
Q

how is thematic analysis done

A

collecting data, then transcribing it

researcher reads it several times to familiarise themselves with it

researcher looks for recurring themes and patterns

provides examples to illustrate themes, writes a report

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6
Q

what are the strengths of content analysis

A

many fo the things studied are already in the public domain (TV, adverts etc) so no issues with obtaining data and permission

content analysis provides qua native data so statistical testing can be carried out

thematic analysis obtains rich qualitative data

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7
Q

what are the limitations of content analysis

A

studied indirectly so things can be taken out of context (low external validity)

choice of categories and themes etc established by researcher brining subjectivity into research

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8
Q

what is reliability

A

a measure of consistency

if we can repeat and experiment and get similar results every time

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9
Q

how do you asses reliability

A

test-retest

inter-observer reliability

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10
Q

what is test retest

A

testing the same participants on two separate occasions to see of the results are the same

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11
Q

what is inter-observer reliability

A

get at least two people to carry out research and then correlate their data. do a pilot study first to make sure both are using categories in the same way

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12
Q

how do you improve reliability in questionnaires

A

no ambiguous questions

no jargon

no double negatives

closed questions

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13
Q

how do you improve reliability in interviews

A

use same interviewer, no leading questions, use structured interview

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14
Q

how do you improve reliability in observations

A

clear categories, categories used in the same way

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15
Q

how do you improve reliability in experiments

A

standardised procedures

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16
Q

what is validity

A

the extent to which an observed effect is genuine- does it measure what it was meant to measure (internal) and can it be generalised beyond the setting it was found in (external)

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17
Q

what is face validity

A

when a measure is scrutinised to determine weather it appears to measure what it is supposed to measure

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18
Q

what is concurrent validity

A

the extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing measure

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19
Q

what is ecological validity

A

a form of external validity

the extent to which results can be generalised to other settings and situations

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20
Q

what is temporal validity

A

a form of external validity

the extent to which results can be generalised to other historical times and eras

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21
Q

how do you asses validity

A

look for face validity

look for concurrent validity

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22
Q

how do you look at face validity

A

ask participants and experts

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23
Q

how do you look at concurrent validity

A

compare test to well established test (eg Stanford-Binet IQ test)

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24
Q

how do you improve validity in experiments

A

use control group

standardised procedures

single or double blind procedures

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25
Q

how do you improve validity in questionnaires

A

assuring anonymity (reduces social desirability)

26
Q

how do you improve validity in observations

A

covert

precise categories

27
Q

how do you improve validity in qualitative research

A

using many sources to gain data (triangulation)

28
Q

what are the 5 features of science

A

paradigms and paradigm shifts

replicability

objectivity/ the empirical method

theory construction/ hypothesis testing

falsifiability

29
Q

what is a paradigm

A

when science has a shared set of assumptions (theory of evolution etc)

30
Q

what did Kuhn suggest about psychology

A

it lacks a universally accepted paradigm and is best seen as a ‘pre-science’

31
Q

what is a paradigm shift

A

in order for an established science to evolve there will be a revolution where a handful of researchers begin to question an accepted paradigm

32
Q

what else does Kuhn argue about psychology

A

it has not undergone any paradigm shifts

33
Q

what is a theory

A

a set of general laws or principles that have the ability to explain particular events or behaviours

34
Q

how do you construct a theory

A

through gathering evidence via direct observation

to test a theory we must use empirical method

35
Q

how many hypothesis should a theory have

A

multiple- null, directional, non-directional

36
Q

what steps are taken to test a hypothesis

A

formulate question

construct hypothesis

research and observations

test and experiment

analyse results and conclude

37
Q

what is falsifiability

A

the belief that scientific theories should be able to have their hypothesis tested -and therefore be possibly proven false

38
Q

who came up with falsification and what did he call sciences which were not falsifiable

A

Karl Popper

pseudosciences

39
Q

what is replicability

A

when results can be replicated over different contexts and circumstances

40
Q

if a science has good replicability what are the results

A

generalisable

41
Q

what is objectivity

A

not allowing personal options or biases to alter data

42
Q

what studies are the most objective

A

lab studies

43
Q

what is the empirical method

A

when a scientific approach collects evidence through direct observation and experience

44
Q

what did John Locke say

A

knowledge can only come from experience. theory cannot claim to be scientific unless it has been empirically tested and verified

45
Q

what is a type I error

A

the we assume that our findings show something but they don’t

46
Q

what are examples of type I errors

A

rejecting a null that is true

wrongly accepting the alternate hypothesis

when we think the results are due to the IV but they are actually due to chance

47
Q

what makes a type I error likely

A

if the level of significance is too lenient (10%)- as this mean sit is more likely results are due to chance

48
Q

what is a type II error

A

Accepting a null hypothesis that should be rejected

49
Q

what are examples of a type II error

A

accepting a null hypothesis that is false

wrongly rejecting the alternate hypothesis

assuming results are due to chance when they are really due to the IV

50
Q

what makes a type II error likely

A

if the level of significance is too stringent (1%)

enables us to be absolutely sure but we may miss something

stringent p value used for drug testing

51
Q

what is nominal data

A

data in the form of categories

data is discrete

52
Q

what is ordinal data

A

data is ordered but intervals between each unit don’t have to be the same

scale of 1-10 is an example

ranking first second third fourth etc another example

53
Q

what is interval data

A

numerical scores that are standardised measures

gaps between each unit are the same for everyone

54
Q

what are the sections of a scientific report

A

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Referencing

55
Q

what does the abstract include

A

all the major elements- aim, method, results and conclusions

56
Q

what does the introduction include

A

aims and hypothesis

57
Q

what does the method include

A

design sample apparatus etc

58
Q

what does the results include

A

results in statistical form

59
Q

what does the discussion include

A

results in verbal form

60
Q

what is the referencing

A

references any materials journal used

Psychology (13 decks)

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