Gender Flashcards

Question

# roles of hormones how is real-world application na strength of the role of testosterone

Answer 1

Wang found that out of 227 hypogonadal men who had testoerone therapy for 180 days many of them showed signs of: improved sexual function, libido and mood significant increase in muscle strength

Answer 2

determines female sex characteristics and menstruation causes some women to experience heightened emotionality and irritability during their menstrual cycle (PMS)

Answer 3

causes contractions of the uterus during labour, stimulates lactation, reduces cortisol, and facilitates bonding 'love hormone' as makes mothers fall in love with their babies fuelled stereotype women are more connected with their children than men

Answer 4

born a boy until penis burnt off raised as a girl and given oestrogen and was unhappy reverted back to a boy and was much happier

Answer 5

Dabbs found that prisoners with highest levels of testosterone were more likely to have committed violent crimes Vn Goozen studied transgender people and found male to female showed decreased aggression and female to male showed the opposite

Answer 6

43 males were given either a weekly injection of testosterone or a placebo injection and found no significant increases in aggression or frequency of intercourse

Answer 7

encourages damaging stereotypes of 'irrational women' which can affect the way females are treated (Rodin)

Answer 8

gender roles are more a consequence of social norms than biology. for example, in collectivist countries values are more masculine

Answer 9

1 in every 500-1000 males

Answer 10

small amounts of body hair breast tissue development round body shape gangly limbs underdeveloped genitals impaired coordination general clumsiness

Answer 11

poor language and reading ability shyness lack of sexual interest struggle with memory and problem solving (executive functions)

Answer 12

1 in 5000 females

Answer 13

absence of menstrual cycle underdeveloped ovaries no breast development webbed neck looks physically immature

Answer 14

higher than average reading ability spatial, visual and mathematic abilities lower socially immature trouble relating to others

Answer 15

support the importance of nature in gender- people with abnormal sex chromosome patterns can be compared to those who don't which can lead to understanding the differences between the two genders real world application- Herlihy found that out of 87 people with Klinefelter's syndrome those who were diagnosed earlier displayed less severe symptoms

Answer 16

lack of generalisability- samples of people with unusual genetic makeup are unrepresentative and also are likely to be treated differently due to their different appearance. harmful- self-fulfilling prophecy, children with K or T syndrome may expect to have trouble reading etc and not try and be treated differently by others which can increase the severity of their symptoms

Answer 17

focus on how children thinking develops as they grow. they focus on the child maturing which suggests all children must develop in the same way

Answer 18

Gender identity gender stability gender constancy

Answer 19

child can identify their own gender can identify the gender of others do not understand that gender is fixed (boy- I want to be a mummy when I'm older)

Answer 20

realise they will always stay the same gender thinks gender changes due to situation believe gender can change due to activity

Answer 21

realise gender remains constant for themselves and others start to seek out gender appropriate role models will see a man in a dress and still see it as a man

Answer 22

supporting evidence- Slaby and Frey showed children a split screen with a male and a female doing the same task, younger children spent equal amounts of time watching each and older children spent longer watching the same sex role model good generalisability and validity- Munroe found found cross-cultural evidence for Kohlberg's theory in Samoa, Kenya and Nepal, shows gender identity aligns with IQ development

Answer 23

contradictory evidence- Bussey and Bandura found 4 year olds reported 'feeling good' when playing with gender appropriate toys and 'feeling bad' when playing with gender inappropriate toys lack of validity- Kohlberg used interviews with 2-3 years olds to base theory of of- the lack vocal, may struggle to comprehend questions and may not be able to convey more complex feelings about gender over simplified- Martin suggested there are two stages of gender constancy. first degree before 6 which orients children to the importance of gender and a second degree after 6 which heightens childrens responsiveness to gender norms

Answer 24

mental constructs that develop via experience and are used by our cognitive system to organise knowledge around particular topics such as gender

Answer 25

when a child has established gender identity (2-3) they will begin to search the environment for information which encourages the development of gender schema

Answer 26

Kohlberg believes that gender development doesn't begin until gender constancy is reached at 6 M and H believes it occurs at gender identity at 2-3 years old

Answer 27

children as young as 2-3 demonstrated strongly sex-typed behaviours and attitudes

Answer 28

they have a fixed and stereotypical view of their gender and are likely to misremember or ignore information that does not fit with their existing schema

Answer 29

showed 20 children under 6 twenty photos of men and women doing activities 10 photos were gender consistent and 10 weren't a week later the children recall of the photos was tested

Answer 30

15 out of 20 children were more likely to recall gender consistent photos children often changed the sex of the person in gender inconsistent photos

Answer 31

children have a much better understanding of the schemas that relate to their own gender their own group is an 'in-group' and the other is the ;out group; in groups identity serves to boost the Childs self-esteem it is not until about 8 children build more complex schemas regarding both genders

Answer 32

91 were children were showed various toys with different levels of attractiveness some were labelled boy toys and some were labelled girl toys the child was then asked to rate the attractiveness of the toys to themselves and others to a different experimenter

Answer 33

children liked toys less if they were labelled for the other sex and expected other children to do the same this applied to attractive and unattractive toys

Answer 34

supporting evidence- Martin and Halverson's gender photo recall showed children under 6 showed gender development accounts for cultural differences- Cherry says that GS influences what counts ts as culturally appropriate gender behaviour. in societies with less rigid gender perceptions options there are more noon-standard stereotypes. the psychodynamic and biological explanations cannot do this

Answer 35

contradictory evidence- Zoslous analysed 82 cases of 9-21 month old reports and videos and found that children could refer to themselves as a boy or a girl by about 19 months. this proves that M and H underestimated children ability to label themselves hard determinist- GST ignores the role of parents and role of rewards etc and other social or psychological factors

Answer 36

phallic stage (third)

Answer 37

oedipus/Electra complex

Answer 38

supporting evidence- Rekkers and Morey rated the gender identity of 49 boys aged 3-11 and found that 75% of the ones labelled as gender disturbed didn't have a biological or adoptee father figure. this supports ftreuds idea that to achieve gender identity a child must have a same sex parent

Answer 39

contrasting evidence- Bos and Sanford found there were no differences in development of gender identity in 63 children with lesbian parents compared with 68 children with heterosexual parents, contrasting Freud's belief that a father must be present androcentric- Horney argues that men's womb envy is more prominent than womens penis envy and frauds idea of penis envy was reflecting the era he worked in, this challenges freuds theory that female gender development was founded on them wanting to be a man- 'femininity is a failed expression of masculinituy' pseudoscience- lack of falsification due to focus on unconscious thoughts

Answer 40

all behaviour is learnt from observation of others role of environment is important in gender role models include: teachers, parents, peers, media etc

Answer 41

when boys and girls are treated differently for the same behaviours. for example, a boy may be punished for being clingy with their mother but for a girl it would be considered 'cute'

Answer 42

direct reinforcement

Answer 43

when a child is more or less likely to do something based off how the behaviour is received when they see another person do it

Answer 44

if a girl or boy sees someone of their gender being praised for doing something stereotypical for their gender they are more likely to replicate it.

Answer 45

when a child finds a role model and tries to identify with them and recreate their behaviour

Answer 46

the meditational processes

Answer 47

attention retention motor reproduction motivation

Answer 48

supporting evidence- Smith and Lloyd dressed half of a sample of babies as boys and the other half as girls irrespective of gender and found 'boys' were encouraged to be active and adventurous and 'girls' were encouraged to be passive and were called pretty. shows gender appropriate behaviour is stamped in through differential reinforcement supporting evidence- Perry and Bussey made 20 boys and 20 girls aged 8-10 watch a man and a woman pick a fruit out of a bowl of fruit- the man would always pick an orange and the woman would always pick a banana. they found that in most cases the children picked the same fruit as the same sex role model supporting the importance of identification and modelling. explains cultural differences

Answer 49

deterministic- nature could go hand in hand with nurture as the reason boys are encouraged to be more active and aggressive is because they naturally are (testosterone). shows differential reinforcement does not cause gender differences. ignores influence of ageing and maturity as implied that modelling gender appropriate behaviour can happen at any age which is unrealistic and contradicted by theories such as Kohlbergs

Answer 50

contributed to the nature-nurture side of the debate. for example, if a certain gender role is present across cultures it proves it is innate, whereas if it is only seen in some cultures then it shows it is due to socialisation and the environment

Answer 51

both men and women were gentle and responsive- much like the western stereotypes for femininity

Answer 52

both men and women were aggressive and hostile- much like the western stereotypes for masculinity

Answer 53

Women were dominant and took care of village life and trade etc. whilst the men were decorative and viewed as being unable to make I'm;ortant decisions

Answer 54

there may not be a direct biological relationship between sex and gender gender roles may be culturally determined she believed there were some innate gender typical behaviours , but the extent to which they were expressed was down to cultural norms.

Answer 55

looked at mate preference across 37 different countries in all the continents

Answer 56

in all countries: men looked for youth and physical attractiveness women looked for men who could offer wealth and resources

Answer 57

is most societies division of labour is organised by gender- men are typically breadwinners and women are typically nurturers

Answer 58

supporting evidence- Hofstede said that in industrialised nations women are more widely expected to be in the workplace and not in the home whereas in more traditional societies the woman is still expected to be the 'house-maker'. This shows that gender roles ARE determined by cultural context

Answer 59

Mead's research lacks validity and was biased- Freeman did a follow up study in Samoa and concluded Mead was guilty of an imposed etic and did not separate her own opinions from what she saw (observer bias) and made large generalisations.

Answer 60

The media provides role models who children may identify with and want to imitate. Children are likely to select role models who engage in gender appropriate behaviours as this is more likely to be positively reinforced

Answer 61

Men shown as independent, ambitious ‘advice givers’ Women shown as dependant, unambiguous ‘advice seekers’

Answer 62

Men more likely to be shown in autonomous roles in professional settings Women more likely to be shown as having family roles in a domestic setting

Answer 63

When the media gives someone an idea of how likely they are to do something in the future. For example if a child sees a role model doing a gender appropriate job they will think they are likely to do that in the future

Answer 64

Girls in India who watched a programme challenging gender roles were more likely to think they could have a job outside the house than non-viewers

Answer 65

In the 70’s a town in British Colombia was about to get TV for the first time, Tannis Williams called the place ‘Notel’ Surveys were done on the people of this town as well as two neighbouring towns- Unitel (one TV channel) and Multitel (multiple TV channels) Williams noted how gender-stereotypical attitudes among the children of the two towns changed over 2 years

Answer 66

At the start- Notel and Unitel showed less gender-typed views and gender stereotype behaviours By the end- gender- typed views and gender role stereotypes increases in Notel

Answer 67

Supporting evidence- cultivation theory argues the more TV a person watches the more likely they are to believe this reflects reality. Bond and Drogos found that people who watched ‘Jersey shore’ had more positive attitudes towards casual sex Supporting evidence- Pingree found that pre-adolescent boys stereotypes became stronger following exposure to non-traditional models on TV while it decreased the strength of girls gender stereotypes. Shows boys are more ‘set in their ways’ and there is a big difference between the two genders preconceptions of the others role

Answer 68

Contradictory evidence- Pingee’s study shows how not all media reinforces gender stereotypes Simplistic- Durkin argues that even very young children are not effected by media messages and that family norms are more important. If a gender stereotype on TV does not align with the families view it will likely be rejected. Shows that media influences are secondary to other influences.

Answer 69

When someone feels they have been ‘born in the wrong body’

Answer 70

Gender dysphoria is caused by specific brain structures which are incompatible with a persons biological sex, this is especially true with dimorphic brain areas

Answer 71

Areas of the brain that are different in men and women

Answer 72

Studied a dimorphic area called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) in 6 transgender women

Answer 73

In transgender females their BST was the size of a biological female (40% smaller)

Answer 74

Looked at the number of neurons in the BST in transgender females

Answer 75

Transgender females had the same neuron density in the BST then biological females

Answer 76

Looked at 96 MZ twins and and 61 DZ twins for evidence of GD

Answer 77

Found that 62% of the variance could be accounted to genetic factors

Answer 78

Compared 23 MZ twins to 21 DZ twins where one of them was diagnosed with GD

Answer 79

39% of MZ twins both had GD 0% of DZ both had GD

Answer 80

Supporting evidence- Rametti studied white matter (dimorphic) in transgender females before hormone treatment and found their levels aligned with biological females

Answer 81

Zhou and Kruijver both did their studies post-mortem on people who had already undergone hormone treatment. Huskhoff-pol used MRI scans to look at BST during treatment and found the size of it changed significantly

Answer 82

Argues that gender concepts are ‘invented by societies’ Suggests GD is ‘confusion’ as society forces them to be a man or a woman

Answer 83

Studied individuals with the genetic condition 5 alpha reductase deficiency in the Sambia of New Guinea These people start off as biological females and when hit puberty become males This was accepted as normal by the people in this society

Answer 84

They became judged as having a form of gender dysphoria and seen as abnormal instead of normal like they used to be

Answer 85

When the child experiences extreme separation anxiety The child fantasises of symbiotic fusion (where they are so close they are like one person) This would reduces separation anxiety

Answer 86

He almost ‘becomes the mother’ and identifies with her so strongly that he internalises her gender identity

Answer 87

Found in interviews that men with GD displayed overly close relationships with their mother.

Answer 88

Support for social constructionism- in Samoa there are three genders with the third being the fa’afafine who are biological men who adapt the roles of women. Shows that GD is a social construct instead of a biological fact

Answer 89

Overset and Persons experiment only applies to men Rekers suggests gender disturbance in men is more likely to be associated with the absence of a father rather than fear of separation from the mother ‘Separation anxiety’ is untestable as it is an unconscious concept and very subjective

Answer 90

Scanned 949 young men and women, using diffusion MRI imaging and mapped out connections between different parts of the brain. Findings Women’s brains had better connections left and right sides of the brain Men’s brains display more intense activity in individual parts, especially cerebellum Conclusion Females better at multi tasking, mens brains are wired to focus on one task more intensely

Answer 91

final pair (23rd)

Answer 92

determine sex

Answer 93

develops sex

Answer 94

brain and organ development

Answer 95

determine secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

Answer 96

phallic stage before this children have no concept of gender

Answer 97

children overcome comnplex by identifying with same sex parent this involves kids taking on the gender identity of their same sex parent- this is internalisation

Answer 98

freud said hans fear of horses with blinkers and black around mouth came from fear of castration from his father