Gender

Question 1

sex and gender

What is definition of sex

Answer 1

A persons biological status as either male or female

Determined by chromosomes

These go on to influence hormonal and biological differences

Question 2

sex and gender

What is the definition of gender

Answer 2

The psychological and cultural differences between males and females. Includes attitudes, roles and behaviours that we associate with being male or female and are heavily influenced by social norms.

It is fluid not fixed

Question 3

sex and gender

What is gender identity disorder

Answer 3

When a person does not feel comfortable in their biologically determined sex

Question 4

sex and gender

What can solve gender identity disorder

Answer 4

Gender reassignment surgery or becoming transgender

Question 5

sex and gender

what was Imperato-McGinley’s research (Batista Boys)

Answer 5

studied unusual families in three villages in the Dominican Republic

37 of these children had inherited a mutant recessive gene from an 18th century ancestor

they were born with female genitals despite having XY chromosomes

when they hit puberty they had a surge in testosterone levels which lead to the production of dihydrotestosterone which lead to the development of male genitals

They reported no difficulty in adopting the male gender

Question 6

sex and gender

What do the Batista boys tell us about gender roles

Answer 6

gender is mainly to do with nature not nurture

Question 7

sex and gender

what is a sex-role stereotype

Answer 7

Shared expectations within a society or culture that people believe is usual or acceptable behaviours for men and women

Question 8

sex and gender

what is an example of a sex-role stereotype

Answer 8

women being bad drivers

men hating shopping

Question 9

androgyny

What is the definition of androgyny

Answer 9

An individual who displays equal levels of masculine and feminine traits / characteristics

Question 10

androgyny

what are the beliefs of Sandra Bem

Answer 10

Gender schemas become the lenses through which we view the world and this means that society is structured in a way that empowers men not women

Question 11

androgyny

What are the three beliefs that Bem says come around due to gender schema

Answer 11

men and women differ psychologically and sexually

men are the dominant and superior sex

these differences are natural

Question 12

androgyny

how did Bem challenge the 2 traditional gender identities

Answer 12

added androgynous to the masculine and feminine identities

Question 13

androgyny

How does the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) work

Answer 13

questionnaire on 60 characteristics-

20 masculine

20 feminine

20 neutral

participants rate each question scale of 1-7-

1- always true of me

7- never true of me

Question 14

androgyny

what are the four classifications from the BSRI

Answer 14

Masculine

Feminine

Androgynous (High)

Undifferentiated (Low)

Question 15

androgyny

what were Bem’s findings of the BSRI

Answer 15

more people were androgynous than extreme masculine or extreme feminine

masculinity and femininity are independent traits that are not inevitably down to sex

Question 16

androgyny

Why did Bem say that androgynous people were more psychologically healthy

Answer 16

more comfortable with who they are

not expectations of how they should act

can handle situations in flexible manor

Question 17

androgyny

what are the strengths of sex-role stereotypes and androgyny

Answer 17

high internal validity and test-retest reliability- 20 men and 20 women asked to rate 200 characteristics on how desirable they were for men and women. BSRI then piloted on 1000 students and then small follow up study done on smaller group of students

Question 18

androgyny

what are the limitations of sex-role stereotypes and androgyny

Answer 18

poor temporal and cultural validity- BSRI developed over 40 years ago and only devised using western judges, both of which meaning the scale of what is masculine and what is feminine may be debatable

response bias- self-report questionnaire used which is subjective and on hypothetical ideas such as gender may lead to invalid results

too simplistic- spence argues that because gender is such a a complex thing it cannot be quantified by a set of traits so qualitative data must be collected for full insight

Question 19

role of chromosomes

how many pairs of chromosomes does everybody have

Answer 19

23

Question 20

role of chromosomes

what chromosomes do males have

Answer 20

XY

Question 21

role of chromosomes

what chromosomes do females have

Answer 21

XX

Question 22

role of chromosomes

what does the SRY gene do

Answer 22

causes the testes to develop, these then produce androgens (male sex genes) which cause the embryo to become male

Question 23

roles of hormones

what are the roles of hormones in gender

Answer 23

determine a persons sex

induces gender development

act upon brain development and lead to development of reproductive organs in the womb

at puberty burst of hormonal activity leads to development of secondary sexual characteristics such as pubic hair

Question 24

roles of hormones

what is the role of testosterone

Answer 24

controls development of male sex organs.

begins to be produced at 8 weeks as a foetus

link found between testosterone levels and aggression levels

Naan De Pol found that females injected with testosterone became more physically and sexually aggressive

Question 25

# roles of hormones how is real-world application na strength of the role of testosterone

Answer 25

Wang found that out of 227 hypogonadal men who had testoerone therapy for 180 days many of them showed signs of: improved sexual function, libido and mood significant increase in muscle strength

Question 26

# roles of hormones what is the role of oestrogen

Answer 26

determines female sex characteristics and menstruation causes some women to experience heightened emotionality and irritability during their menstrual cycle (PMS)

Question 27

# roles of hormones what is the role of oxytocin

Answer 27

causes contractions of the uterus during labour, stimulates lactation, reduces cortisol, and facilitates bonding 'love hormone' as makes mothers fall in love with their babies fuelled stereotype women are more connected with their children than men

Question 28

# roles of chromosomes how does the case of David Reimer support the role of nature (chromosomes) (AO3)

Answer 28

born a boy until penis burnt off raised as a girl and given oestrogen and was unhappy reverted back to a boy and was much happier

Question 29

# roles of hormones what studies are a strength of the role of hormones (AO3)

Answer 29

Dabbs found that prisoners with highest levels of testosterone were more likely to have committed violent crimes Vn Goozen studied transgender people and found male to female showed decreased aggression and female to male showed the opposite

Question 30

# roles of hormones How does O'Connors study contradict the role of hormones

Answer 30

43 males were given either a weekly injection of testosterone or a placebo injection and found no significant increases in aggression or frequency of intercourse

Question 31

# roles of hormones How is PMS a limitation of the role of hormones

Answer 31

encourages damaging stereotypes of 'irrational women' which can affect the way females are treated (Rodin)

Question 32

# roles of hormones What does Hofstede claim that challenges the role of hormones(AO3)

Answer 32

gender roles are more a consequence of social norms than biology. for example, in collectivist countries values are more masculine

Question 33

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what chromosome structure do people with Klinefelter's syndrome have

Answer 33

XXY

Question 34

# atypical sex chromosome patterns how many people does Klinefelter's syndrome effect

Answer 34

1 in every 500-1000 males

Question 35

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the physical characteristics of Klinefelt's syndrome

Answer 35

small amounts of body hair breast tissue development round body shape gangly limbs underdeveloped genitals impaired coordination general clumsiness

Question 36

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the psychological characteristics of Klinefelt's syndrome

Answer 36

poor language and reading ability shyness lack of sexual interest struggle with memory and problem solving (executive functions)

Question 37

# atypical sex chromosome patterns how many chromosomes do people with Turner's syndrome have

Answer 37

45

Question 38

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what is the chromosome patter known as in people with Turner's syndrome

Answer 38

X0

Question 39

# atypical sex chromosome patterns how many people are affected by Turner's syndrome

Answer 39

1 in 5000 females

Question 40

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the physical characteristics of Turner's syndrome

Answer 40

absence of menstrual cycle underdeveloped ovaries no breast development webbed neck looks physically immature

Question 41

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the physchological characteristics of Turner's syndrome

Answer 41

higher than average reading ability spatial, visual and mathematic abilities lower socially immature trouble relating to others

Question 42

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the strengths of atypical sex chromosome patterns

Answer 42

support the importance of nature in gender- people with abnormal sex chromosome patterns can be compared to those who don't which can lead to understanding the differences between the two genders real world application- Herlihy found that out of 87 people with Klinefelter's syndrome those who were diagnosed earlier displayed less severe symptoms

Question 43

# atypical sex chromosome patterns what are the limitations of atypical sex chromosome patterns

Answer 43

lack of generalisability- samples of people with unusual genetic makeup are unrepresentative and also are likely to be treated differently due to their different appearance. harmful- self-fulfilling prophecy, children with K or T syndrome may expect to have trouble reading etc and not try and be treated differently by others which can increase the severity of their symptoms

Question 44

# cognitive explanations of gender development what is the cognitive explanation for gender

Answer 44

focus on how children thinking develops as they grow. they focus on the child maturing which suggests all children must develop in the same way

Question 45

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what was Kohlbergs theory for the cognitive explanations of gender

Answer 45

Gender identity gender stability gender constancy

Question 46

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg when does gender identity occur

Answer 46

2-3 years

Question 47

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg when does gender stability occur

Answer 47

4-5 years

Question 48

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg when does gender constancy occur

Answer 48

6+ years

Question 49

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what is gender identity

Answer 49

child can identify their own gender can identify the gender of others do not understand that gender is fixed (boy- I want to be a mummy when I'm older)

Question 50

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what is gender stability

Answer 50

realise they will always stay the same gender thinks gender changes due to situation believe gender can change due to activity

Question 51

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what is gender constancy

Answer 51

realise gender remains constant for themselves and others start to seek out gender appropriate role models will see a man in a dress and still see it as a man

Question 52

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what are the strengths of Kohlberg's cognitive stage theory of gender

Answer 52

supporting evidence- Slaby and Frey showed children a split screen with a male and a female doing the same task, younger children spent equal amounts of time watching each and older children spent longer watching the same sex role model good generalisability and validity- Munroe found found cross-cultural evidence for Kohlberg's theory in Samoa, Kenya and Nepal, shows gender identity aligns with IQ development

Question 53

# cognitive explanations of gender development- Kohlberg what are the weaknesses of Kohlberg's cognitive stage theory of gender

Answer 53

contradictory evidence- Bussey and Bandura found 4 year olds reported 'feeling good' when playing with gender appropriate toys and 'feeling bad' when playing with gender inappropriate toys lack of validity- Kohlberg used interviews with 2-3 years olds to base theory of of- the lack vocal, may struggle to comprehend questions and may not be able to convey more complex feelings about gender over simplified- Martin suggested there are two stages of gender constancy. first degree before 6 which orients children to the importance of gender and a second degree after 6 which heightens childrens responsiveness to gender norms

Question 54

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what is the definition of schema

Answer 54

mental constructs that develop via experience and are used by our cognitive system to organise knowledge around particular topics such as gender

Question 55

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what did Martin and Halverson believe

Answer 55

when a child has established gender identity (2-3) they will begin to search the environment for information which encourages the development of gender schema

Question 56

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory How does Martin and Halverson's theory contrast Kohlberg's

Answer 56

Kohlberg believes that gender development doesn't begin until gender constancy is reached at 6 M and H believes it occurs at gender identity at 2-3 years old

Question 57

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what did Martin and Little find in an experiment which supports the gender schema theory

Answer 57

children as young as 2-3 demonstrated strongly sex-typed behaviours and attitudes

Question 58

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what do Martin and Halverson believe happens when a child reaches gender constancy

Answer 58

they have a fixed and stereotypical view of their gender and are likely to misremember or ignore information that does not fit with their existing schema

Question 59

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what did Martin and Halverson do to prove the gender schema theory

Answer 59

showed 20 children under 6 twenty photos of men and women doing activities 10 photos were gender consistent and 10 weren't a week later the children recall of the photos was tested

Question 60

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what were the findings of Martin and Halverson's study on gender schema

Answer 60

15 out of 20 children were more likely to recall gender consistent photos children often changed the sex of the person in gender inconsistent photos

Question 61

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what are in groups and out groups

Answer 61

children have a much better understanding of the schemas that relate to their own gender their own group is an 'in-group' and the other is the ;out group; in groups identity serves to boost the Childs self-esteem it is not until about 8 children build more complex schemas regarding both genders

Question 62

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what experiment did Martin do on in groups and out groups

Answer 62

91 were children were showed various toys with different levels of attractiveness some were labelled boy toys and some were labelled girl toys the child was then asked to rate the attractiveness of the toys to themselves and others to a different experimenter

Question 63

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what did Martin find in his experiment on in groups and out groups

Answer 63

children liked toys less if they were labelled for the other sex and expected other children to do the same this applied to attractive and unattractive toys

Question 64

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory what are the strengths of the gender schema theory

Answer 64

supporting evidence- Martin and Halverson's gender photo recall showed children under 6 showed gender development accounts for cultural differences- Cherry says that GS influences what counts ts as culturally appropriate gender behaviour. in societies with less rigid gender perceptions options there are more noon-standard stereotypes. the psychodynamic and biological explanations cannot do this

Question 65

# cognitive explanations of gender development- gender schema theory What are the limitations of gender schema theory

Answer 65

contradictory evidence- Zoslous analysed 82 cases of 9-21 month old reports and videos and found that children could refer to themselves as a boy or a girl by about 19 months. this proves that M and H underestimated children ability to label themselves hard determinist- GST ignores the role of parents and role of rewards etc and other social or psychological factors

Question 66

# psychodynamic explanation of gender development what stage did Freud believe gender development occurred

Answer 66

phallic stage (third)

Question 67

# psychodynamic explanation of gender development what did Freud believe causes gender identity to occur

Answer 67

oedipus/Electra complex

Question 68

# psychodynamic explanation of gender development what is a strength of psychodynamic explanations

Answer 68

supporting evidence- Rekkers and Morey rated the gender identity of 49 boys aged 3-11 and found that 75% of the ones labelled as gender disturbed didn't have a biological or adoptee father figure. this supports ftreuds idea that to achieve gender identity a child must have a same sex parent

Question 69

# psychodynamic explanation of gender development Describe the case study of little hans

Answer 69

Question 70

# psychodynamic explanation of gender development what are the limitations of the psychodynamic explanations for gender

Answer 70

contrasting evidence- Bos and Sanford found there were no differences in development of gender identity in 63 children with lesbian parents compared with 68 children with heterosexual parents, contrasting Freud's belief that a father must be present androcentric- Horney argues that men's womb envy is more prominent than womens penis envy and frauds idea of penis envy was reflecting the era he worked in, this challenges freuds theory that female gender development was founded on them wanting to be a man- 'femininity is a failed expression of masculinituy' pseudoscience- lack of falsification due to focus on unconscious thoughts

Question 71

# social learning theory of gender development what are the key assumptions of the social learning theory of gender

Answer 71

all behaviour is learnt from observation of others role of environment is important in gender role models include: teachers, parents, peers, media etc

Question 72

# social learning theory of gender development what is differential reinforcement

Answer 72

when boys and girls are treated differently for the same behaviours. for example, a boy may be punished for being clingy with their mother but for a girl it would be considered 'cute'

Question 73

# social learning theory of gender development what type of reinforcement is differential reinforcement a demonstration of

Answer 73

direct reinforcement

Question 74

# social learning theory of gender development what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 74

when a child is more or less likely to do something based off how the behaviour is received when they see another person do it

Question 75

# social learning theory of gender development how does vicarious reinforcement link to gender development

Answer 75

if a girl or boy sees someone of their gender being praised for doing something stereotypical for their gender they are more likely to replicate it.

Question 76

# social learning theory of gender development what is identification and modelling

Answer 76

when a child finds a role model and tries to identify with them and recreate their behaviour

Question 77

# social learning theory of gender development what processes are linked with identification and modelling

Answer 77

the meditational processes

Question 78

# social learning theory of gender development what are the meditational processes

Answer 78

attention retention motor reproduction motivation

Question 79

# social learning theory of gender development what are the strengths of the SLT of gender

Answer 79

supporting evidence- Smith and Lloyd dressed half of a sample of babies as boys and the other half as girls irrespective of gender and found 'boys' were encouraged to be active and adventurous and 'girls' were encouraged to be passive and were called pretty. shows gender appropriate behaviour is stamped in through differential reinforcement supporting evidence- Perry and Bussey made 20 boys and 20 girls aged 8-10 watch a man and a woman pick a fruit out of a bowl of fruit- the man would always pick an orange and the woman would always pick a banana. they found that in most cases the children picked the same fruit as the same sex role model supporting the importance of identification and modelling. explains cultural differences

Question 80

# social learning theory of gender development what are the limitations of the SLT of gender

Answer 80

deterministic- nature could go hand in hand with nurture as the reason boys are encouraged to be more active and aggressive is because they naturally are (testosterone). shows differential reinforcement does not cause gender differences. ignores influence of ageing and maturity as implied that modelling gender appropriate behaviour can happen at any age which is unrealistic and contradicted by theories such as Kohlbergs

Question 81

# influence of culture on gender roles how has cross cultural research contributed to the gender debate

Answer 81

contributed to the nature-nurture side of the debate. for example, if a certain gender role is present across cultures it proves it is innate, whereas if it is only seen in some cultures then it shows it is due to socialisation and the environment

Question 82

# influence of culture on gender roles what did Mead find about the Arapesh tribe

Answer 82

both men and women were gentle and responsive- much like the western stereotypes for femininity

Question 83

# influence of culture on gender roles what did Mead find out about the Mundugumor tribe

Answer 83

both men and women were aggressive and hostile- much like the western stereotypes for masculinity

Question 84

# influence of culture on gender roles what did Mead find out about the Tchambuli tribe

Answer 84

Women were dominant and took care of village life and trade etc. whilst the men were decorative and viewed as being unable to make I'm;ortant decisions

Question 85

# influence of culture on gender roles what did Mead's studies suggest about gender

Answer 85

there may not be a direct biological relationship between sex and gender gender roles may be culturally determined she believed there were some innate gender typical behaviours , but the extent to which they were expressed was down to cultural norms.

Question 86

# influence of culture on gender roles what was Buss' experiment

Answer 86

looked at mate preference across 37 different countries in all the continents

Question 87

# influence of culture on gender roles what were Buss' findings

Answer 87

in all countries: men looked for youth and physical attractiveness women looked for men who could offer wealth and resources

Question 88

# influence of culture on gender roles what did Munroe and Munroe's study show

Answer 88

is most societies division of labour is organised by gender- men are typically breadwinners and women are typically nurturers

Question 89

# influence of culture on gender roles what is a strength of the influence of culture on gender

Answer 89

supporting evidence- Hofstede said that in industrialised nations women are more widely expected to be in the workplace and not in the home whereas in more traditional societies the woman is still expected to be the 'house-maker'. This shows that gender roles ARE determined by cultural context

Question 90

# influence of culture on gender roles what is a limitation of the influence of culture on gender

Answer 90

Mead's research lacks validity and was biased- Freeman did a follow up study in Samoa and concluded Mead was guilty of an imposed etic and did not separate her own opinions from what she saw (observer bias) and made large generalisations.

Question 91

# influence of media on gender roles How does the media effect gender roles

Answer 91

The media provides role models who children may identify with and want to imitate. Children are likely to select role models who engage in gender appropriate behaviours as this is more likely to be positively reinforced

Question 92

# influence of media on gender roles What did Bussey snd Bandura find about men and women in media

Answer 92

Men shown as independent, ambitious ‘advice givers’ Women shown as dependant, unambiguous ‘advice seekers’

Question 93

# influence of media on gender roles What did Furnham and Farragher say about TV adverts and gender roles

Answer 93

Men more likely to be shown in autonomous roles in professional settings Women more likely to be shown as having family roles in a domestic setting

Question 94

# influence of media on gender roles What is self-efficacy

Answer 94

When the media gives someone an idea of how likely they are to do something in the future. For example if a child sees a role model doing a gender appropriate job they will think they are likely to do that in the future

Question 95

# influence of media on gender roles What did Mitra find about self-efficacy

Answer 95

Girls in India who watched a programme challenging gender roles were more likely to think they could have a job outside the house than non-viewers

Question 96

# influence of media on gender roles What was the Notel, Unitel, Multitel experiment

Answer 96

In the 70’s a town in British Colombia was about to get TV for the first time, Tannis Williams called the place ‘Notel’ Surveys were done on the people of this town as well as two neighbouring towns- Unitel (one TV channel) and Multitel (multiple TV channels) Williams noted how gender-stereotypical attitudes among the children of the two towns changed over 2 years

Question 97

# influence of media on gender roles What were the findings of the Notel, Unitel, Multitel experiment

Answer 97

At the start- Notel and Unitel showed less gender-typed views and gender stereotype behaviours By the end- gender- typed views and gender role stereotypes increases in Notel

Question 98

# influence of media on gender roles What are the strengths of media influencing gender roles

Answer 98

Supporting evidence- cultivation theory argues the more TV a person watches the more likely they are to believe this reflects reality. Bond and Drogos found that people who watched ‘Jersey shore’ had more positive attitudes towards casual sex Supporting evidence- Pingree found that pre-adolescent boys stereotypes became stronger following exposure to non-traditional models on TV while it decreased the strength of girls gender stereotypes. Shows boys are more ‘set in their ways’ and there is a big difference between the two genders preconceptions of the others role

Question 99

# influence of media on gender roles What are the weaknesses of media influencing gender roles

Answer 99

Contradictory evidence- Pingee’s study shows how not all media reinforces gender stereotypes Simplistic- Durkin argues that even very young children are not effected by media messages and that family norms are more important. If a gender stereotype on TV does not align with the families view it will likely be rejected. Shows that media influences are secondary to other influences.

Question 100

# atypical gender development- biological What is gender dysphoria

Answer 100

When someone feels they have been ‘born in the wrong body’

Question 101

# atypical gender development- biological What is the brain sex theory

Answer 101

Gender dysphoria is caused by specific brain structures which are incompatible with a persons biological sex, this is especially true with dimorphic brain areas

Question 102

# atypical gender development- biological What are dimorphic brain areas

Answer 102

Areas of the brain that are different in men and women

Question 103

# atypical gender development- biological What was Zhou’s study

Answer 103

Studied a dimorphic area called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) in 6 transgender women

Question 104

# atypical gender development- biological What did Zhou find

Answer 104

In transgender females their BST was the size of a biological female (40% smaller)

Question 105

# atypical gender development- biological What was Kruikver’s study

Answer 105

Looked at the number of neurons in the BST in transgender females

Question 106

# atypical gender development- biological What did Kruijver find

Answer 106

Transgender females had the same neuron density in the BST then biological females

Question 107

# atypical gender development- biological What was coolidges study

Answer 107

Looked at 96 MZ twins and and 61 DZ twins for evidence of GD

Question 108

# atypical gender development- biological What did Coolidge find

Answer 108

Found that 62% of the variance could be accounted to genetic factors

Question 109

# atypical gender development What was Heylens study

Answer 109

Compared 23 MZ twins to 21 DZ twins where one of them was diagnosed with GD

Question 110

# atypical gender development- biological What did Heylens find

Answer 110

39% of MZ twins both had GD 0% of DZ both had GD

Question 111

# atypical gender development- biological What is a strength of the biological explanation for gender dysphoria

Answer 111

Supporting evidence- Rametti studied white matter (dimorphic) in transgender females before hormone treatment and found their levels aligned with biological females

Question 112

# atypical gender development- biological What is a limitation of the biological explanation of of gender dysphoria

Answer 112

Zhou and Kruijver both did their studies post-mortem on people who had already undergone hormone treatment. Huskhoff-pol used MRI scans to look at BST during treatment and found the size of it changed significantly

Question 113

# atypical gender development- social What is the theory of gender constructionism

Answer 113

Argues that gender concepts are ‘invented by societies’ Suggests GD is ‘confusion’ as society forces them to be a man or a woman

Question 114

# atypical gender development- social What was McClintock’s study

Answer 114

Studied individuals with the genetic condition 5 alpha reductase deficiency in the Sambia of New Guinea These people start off as biological females and when hit puberty become males This was accepted as normal by the people in this society

Question 115

# atypical gender development- social What did McClintock find the impact of the west on the kwolu-aatmwol was

Answer 115

They became judged as having a form of gender dysphoria and seen as abnormal instead of normal like they used to be

Question 116

# atypical gender development- social (psychoanalytic) What did overson and person argue caused GD in males

Answer 116

When the child experiences extreme separation anxiety The child fantasises of symbiotic fusion (where they are so close they are like one person) This would reduces separation anxiety

Question 117

# atypical gender development- social (psychoanalytic) What are the consequences of extreme separation anxiety on a male child

Answer 117

He almost ‘becomes the mother’ and identifies with her so strongly that he internalises her gender identity

Question 118

# atypical gender development- social (psychoanalytic) What did Stoller find which supports the idea that GD in males is caused by separation anxiety

Answer 118

Found in interviews that men with GD displayed overly close relationships with their mother.

Question 119

# atypical gender development- social What is a strength of the theory of social explanations for gender

Answer 119

Support for social constructionism- in Samoa there are three genders with the third being the fa’afafine who are biological men who adapt the roles of women. Shows that GD is a social construct instead of a biological fact

Question 120

# atypical gender development- social (psychoanalytic) What is an issue with the social theory of atypical gender development

Answer 120

Overset and Persons experiment only applies to men Rekers suggests gender disturbance in men is more likely to be associated with the absence of a father rather than fear of separation from the mother ‘Separation anxiety’ is untestable as it is an unconscious concept and very subjective

Question 121

# sex and gender What was Ingalhalikar’s research that supports sex role stereotypes

Answer 121

Scanned 949 young men and women, using diffusion MRI imaging and mapped out connections between different parts of the brain. Findings Women’s brains had better connections left and right sides of the brain Men’s brains display more intense activity in individual parts, especially cerebellum Conclusion Females better at multi tasking, mens brains are wired to focus on one task more intensely

Question 122

# role of chromosomes and hormones what pair of chromosomes determines sex

Answer 122

final pair (23rd)

Question 123

# role of chromosomes and hormones what is the role in chromosomes in gender

Answer 123

determine sex

Question 124

# role of chromosomes and hormones what is the role of hormones in gender

Answer 124

develops sex

Question 125

# role of chromosomes and hormones what is the role of hormones prenatally

Answer 125

brain and organ development

Question 126

# role of chromosomes and hormones what is the role of hormones post natally

Answer 126

determine secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

Question 127

# pyschodynamic explanations when did freud say gender development occured

Answer 127

phallic stage before this children have no concept of gender

Question 128

# pyschodynamic explanations how does internalisation and identification lead to gender identity

Answer 128

children overcome comnplex by identifying with same sex parent this involves kids taking on the gender identity of their same sex parent- this is internalisation

Question 129

# pyschodynamic explanations how does little hans support oedipus complex

Answer 129

freud said hans fear of horses with blinkers and black around mouth came from fear of castration from his father