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Psychology > AS biopsychology > Flashcards

AS biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what are the two parts of the central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

what are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic. nervous system

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5
Q

what are the two main functions of the nervous system

A

collect, process and respond to information in the environment

coordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body

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6
Q

what does the connection between the brain and spinal cord allow for

A

messages to be sent from brain to body for the body to respond

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7
Q

what is the spinal cord responsible for

A

reflex actions

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8
Q

what does the SNS do

A

controls muscle movement and receives information from sensory receptors

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9
Q

what does the ANS do

A

Governs vital functions in the body such as breathing, digestion, stress responses etc

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10
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

controls ‘fight or flight’ phenomenon, kicks in instantly preparing for fight or escape

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11
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

slow acting response, tries to reverse the effects of fight or flight response after the scare

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12
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

work with nervous system tomaintain homeostasis

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13
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

the PNS collects info regarding state of the body

if anything abnormal picked up it is sent to the CNS to make a decision

a signal is then sent to major endocrine glands to secrete the right hormones to maintain homeostasis

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14
Q

what is the master gland

A

pituitary gland

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15
Q

what does the thyroid gland do

A

produces thyroxine which effects metabolic rates and in turn affects growth rates

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16
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

controls release of hormones from all other glands- affects growth and many other things

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17
Q

what do the ovaries do

A

secrete oestrogen and progesterone which control the development of female sex characteristics, puberty and the menstrual cycle

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18
Q

what do the testes do

A

secrete testosterone- aids development of testes and penis, regulates libido

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19
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

secretes insulin and glucagon- allows body to use sugar from food for energy, regulates blood sugar levels

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20
Q

what is stress

A

a physical and psychological response when a person feels like they cannot cope with a stressor

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21
Q

what systems does the stress response use

A

endocrine and nervous

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22
Q

how is the stress response ‘adaptive’

A

aids survival

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23
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system prepare your body for fight or flight

A

sets down body actions that aren’t essential for fight or flight (digestion etc) and enhances functions necessary (heart rate etc)

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24
Q

what happens when stress subsides

A

the PNS restores body to resting levels, this is slow-acting and may take several minutes

25
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect stomach/gut during FFF

A

slows digestion

26
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect saliva glands during FFF

A

inhibits saliva production

27
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect heart during FFF

A

increases heart rate

28
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect bladder during FFF

A

inhibits urination

29
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect eyes during FFF

A

dilates pupils

30
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system effect lungs during FFF

A

dilates bronchi

31
Q

what deals with acute stress

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary system

32
Q

how does the fight or flight mechanism work

A

hypothalamus triggers activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

ANS changes from resting parasympathetic state to the physiologically aroused sympathetic state

adrenaline is produced by adrenal medulla in the bloodstream

adrenaline causes physiological changes in target organs in the body and causes increased HR, dilated pupils etc- this is fight or flight

once over the PNS returns body to resting state

33
Q

where are motor neurone found

A

CNS

34
Q

what is the key function of motor neurons

A

controlling muscle movements

35
Q

what are the physical features of motor neurons

A

short dendrite

long axons

36
Q

where are sensory neurons found

A

receptor cells (skin, eyes etc)

37
Q

what is the key function of sensory neurons

A

carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain which turn impulses into sensations

38
Q

what are the physical features of sensory neurons

A

long dendrites

short axons

39
Q

where are relay neurons found

A

in between sensory and motor neurons

40
Q

what is they function of relay neurons

A

allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate

41
Q

what are the physical features of relay neurons

A

short dendrites

long or short axons

42
Q

how are signals within neurons transmitted

A

electrically

43
Q

how are signals between neurons transmitted across synapses

A

chemically

44
Q

where are motor neurons located

A

cell body may be in CNS but long axons form part of the PNS

45
Q

where are sensory neurons located

A

located outside on the CNS and in the PNS in clusters called ganglia

46
Q

where are relay neurons located

A

make up 97% of all neurons and are located mainly in the brain and visual system

47
Q

how do neurons fire

A

when a neutron is in resting state the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside

when the neutron is activated by a stimulus the inside becomes positively charged for a second causing an action potential to occur.

this creates an electrical impulse which travels down the axon to the end of the neutron

48
Q

what do the cell body of neurons do

A

contain the nucleus

have dendrites coming off it

49
Q

what do dendrites do

A

carry nerve impulses from other neurons to the cell body

50
Q

what does the axon do

A

carry impulses from the cell body to the end of the neutron

51
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

protect the axon

speeds up electrical transmission

52
Q

what do the nodes of Ravanier do

A

speed up electrical transmission by making impulses jump across them

without them the myelin sheath would slow down transmission

53
Q

explain synaptic transmission

A

electrical impulse reaches pre synaptic terminal which triggers neurotransmitters to be released by synaptic vesicles

this neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse

reaches the post synaptic receptors where it is converted back to an electrical impulse

54
Q

what is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

55
Q

what is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

adrenaline

56
Q

what do inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

makes neurons more negatively charged and less likely to fire

57
Q

what do excitatory neurotransmitters do

A

make neurons more positively charged and more likely to fire

58
Q

what determines if a neutron fires or not after synaptic transmission

A

summation

59
Q

why can neurotransmitters only travel one way

A

synaptic vesicles only present at pre synaptic membrane

post synaptic receptors only present on post synaptic membrane- it is binding to post synaptic receptor which allows neutron to fire

diffusion means neurotransmitters can only go from high to low concentration

Psychology (13 decks)

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