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Psychology A-Level > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Agonist

A

a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

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2
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

a side effect of Clozapine where production of white blood cells is lowered, leaving the patient potentially lethally vulnerable to infections

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3
Q

Amphetamines

A

dopamine agonists

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4
Q

Andreason (1982)

A

first to describe avolition in schizophrenia

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5
Q

Antagonist

A

a substance which interferes wit or inhibits physiological actions of another

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6
Q

Anti-Psychiatrists

A

a movement based on the view that psychiatric treatment can be often more damaging than helpful to patients

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7
Q

Avatar Therapy

A

where psychologists create faces of what a patient believes their voices look like and give the patient the opportunity to challenge them

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8
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks

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9
Q

Buckley et al (2009)

A

found that around half of all patients diagnosed with schizophrenia also had a diagnosis of depression, questioning the ability to differentiate between the two and diagnosed accurately. It could be that very severe depression can present as schizophrenia because it looks a lot like it.

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10
Q

Candidate Genes

A

individual genes associated with risk of inheritance

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11
Q

Catatonic Behaviour

A

characterised by abnormal motor activity where a person may experience loss or motor skills or extreme hyperactive motor activity

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12
Q

CBT

A

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

aims to change patients thought processes, such as challenging negative thoughts, and uses behavioural techniques to help patients have a better quality of life

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13
Q

Central Control

A

the cognitive ability to suppress automatic response whilst we perform deliberate actions instead. Disorganised speech and thought disorder could result from inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts

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14
Q

Chadwick and Birchwood (1996)

A

studied DD, an economics graduate who frequently heard the voice of the devil, claiming to use her telepathic powers to control the prime minister, making him do things that would destroy the British economy, making her feel guilty whenever the economy took a turn for the worse

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15
Q

Cheniaux et al (2009)

A

investigated the reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis by comparing patients diagnosed with the DSM and patients diagnosed with the ICD, found poor reliability

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16
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

a typical antipsychotic used since the 1950s, acts as a dopamine antagonist to reduce positive symptoms, as well as having a sedative effect

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17
Q

Classification of Mental Disorders

A

the process of organising symptoms based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers

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18
Q

Clozapine

A

a typical antipsychotic used since the 1970s, affects dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors, so can improve mood as well as positive symptoms, but can cause agranulocytosis

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19
Q

Cochrane and Sashidharan

A

examined diagnosis rates of schizophrenia in the UK and found that those of African-Caribbean origin were seven times more likely to be diagnosed despite rates of schizophrenia in the Caribbean, they are no higher than the UK

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20
Q

Cognitive Explanations

A

cognitive explanation focuses on mental processes. Schizophrenia is associated with an array of abnormal information processing; these abnormalities can be used to explain why a person experiences schizophrenia

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21
Q

Comorbidity

A

the occurrence of two or more illnesses together, for example when a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. When two conditions are frequently diagnosed together, it calls into question the validity of classifying the two separately

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22
Q

Coping Strategy Enhancement

A

a form of CBT for schizophrenia developed by Tarrier (1990) where the therapist develops a rapport with the patient, identifies triggers for their symptoms and helps them find ways of dealing with these using behavioural and cognitive techniques

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23
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

suggests that both vulnerability and a trigger are necessary for the onset of schizophrenia

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24
Q

Dissociation

A

a mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter that generally has an excitatory effect and is associated with the sensation of pleasure. Unusually high levels are associated with schizophrenia and abnormally low levels with Parkinson’s disease

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26
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

theory that abnormal levels of dopamine cause symptoms of schizophrenia

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27
Q

Double Bind Theory

A

where a person is given mutually contradictory signals by another person, placing them in an impossible situation, causing internal conflict. Schizophrenic symptoms represent an attempt to escape from the double bind

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28
Q

Elizabeth Cochrane

A

a journalist who pretended to be mad in order to infiltrate an asylum in the 1800s. She found that after being admitted, the saner she acted. the more insane they thought she was. She later wrote a book on her experiences, criticising the psychiatry system, claiming doctors couldn’t tell the difference between ill or well people.

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29
Q

Ethnographic Study

A

explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study

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30
Q

Experience Sampling

A

form of electronic diary keeping that asks people to fill in questionnaires to snapshot what they’re like in a particular moment to see what circumstances trigger hallucinations/paranoia

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31
Q

Expressed Emotions

A

negative attitudes, in the form of criticism, hostility and emotional overinvolvement, demonstrated by family members toward a person with a mental disorder

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32
Q

Family Dysfunction

A

abnormal processes within the family such as poor family communication, cold parenting and high levels of expressed emotion

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33
Q

Family Therapy

A

a psychological therapy carried out with some or all members of a family with the aim of improving communication and reduce the stress of living as a family, primarily helps reduce relapse rates

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34
Q

Genetics

A

genes consist of DNA strands are inherited. DNA produces instructions of physical features of an organism which may impact on psychological features, eg neurotransmitter levels and size of brain structure

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35
Q

Gottesman and Shields (1995)

A

carried out a comprehensive review of twin and adoption studies to investigate the cause of schizophrenia

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36
Q

Hyperdopaminergia

A

high levels or activity of dopamine

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37
Q

Hypodopaminergia

A

low levels of dopamine

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38
Q

Gottesman and Shields (1995)

A

carried out a comprehensive review of twin and adoption studies to investigate the cause of schizophrenia

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39
Q

Interactionist Approach

A

an approach to explaining causes of schizophrenia that acknowledges a broad range of factors including biological, psychological and sociocultural influences

40
Q

Kuipers et al (1996)

A

studied Mr X, believed other people could read his thoughts through telepathy and would attack him because of what he was thinking, leading him to avoid social situations

41
Q

Manic Depression

A

a historic term for bipolar disorder

42
Q

Metrarepresentation

A

the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviours, allowing us insight into our own intentions and goals. It also allows us to interpret the actions of others. Dysfunction into metarepresentation would disrupt our ability to recognise our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves rather than someone else, explaining hallucinations of voices and delusions like thought insertion

43
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

atypical experiences that represent the loss of a usual experience such as clear thinking or normal levels of motivation

44
Q

Affective Flatenning

A

a lack or flattening of emotions, where a person’s voice becomes dull and monotonous and their faces takes on a constant blank appearance

45
Q

Alogia

A

involves reduced frequency and quality of speech, where a person loses their ability to speak fluently due to slowing or blocked thoughts

46
Q

Anhedonia

A

an inability to enjoy thinks they use to enjoy

47
Q

Avolition

A

involves loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels

48
Q

Social Withdrawal

A

where people find it hard or become reluctant to speak to people

49
Q

Speech Poverty

A

involves reduced frequency and quality of speech, where a person loses their ability to speak fluently due to slowing or blocked thoughts

50
Q

Neural Correlates

A

patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience and may be implicated in the origins of that experience

51
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

a potentially fatal side effect of typical antipsychotics caused by dopamine action being blocked in the hypothalamus, causing high temperature, delirium and coma, sometimes leading to death

52
Q

Placebo

A

a substance that has no therapeutic effect, sued as a control in testing new drugs, eg giving a sugar pill to ensure that any psychological effects of the expectations of taking a drug do not confound results

53
Q

Polygenic

A

requires several genes to work in combination to cause a characteristic

54
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences

55
Q

Abnormal Motor Behaviour

A

where an individual behaves in ways that seem inappropriate or strange to the norms of society

56
Q

Catalepsy

A

holding poses against gravity

57
Q

Catatonia

A

involves having decreased reactivity to your environment

58
Q

Echolalia

A

repeating what is said to you, in the case of schizophrenia, in a meaningless way

59
Q

Waxy Flexibility

A

where you can move a person around like a wax model and they will stay in that position

60
Q

Delusions

A

beliefs that hold no basis in reality

61
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

where an individual believes that something or someone is deliberately trying to mislead, manipulate, hurt or kill you

62
Q

Paranoid Delusions

A

where an individual believes that something or someone is deliberately trying to mislead, manipulate, hurt or kill you

63
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory experiences that are not based in reality or that are distortions of perceptions of things that aren’t there

64
Q

Auditory Hallucinations

A

hearing things that aren’t there

65
Q

Gustatory Hallucinations

A

tasting things that aren’t there

66
Q

Olfactory Hallucinations

A

smelling things that aren’t there

67
Q

Tactile Hallucinations

A

feeling things that aren’t there

68
Q

Visual Hallucinations

A

seeing things that aren’t there

69
Q

Word Salad

A

where a person experiences disorganised speech, speaking in ways that are completely incomprehensible, eg sentences might not make sense or a topic of conversation changes with little or no connection between sentences

70
Q

Peri-Traumatic Dissociation

A

where dissociation occurs as a trauma response

71
Q

Private Speech

A

talking to yourself, thinking out loud. This helps children think through what they’re doing, and as we age, this becomes internal, but in schizophrenia, it appears as an external voice no longer recognised as your own

72
Q

Psychotic Breakdown

A

occurs when a person loses touch with reality due to a decline in their mental well-being

73
Q

Psychosis

A

when people lose some contact with reality

74
Q

Risperidone

A

newer atypical psychotic, developed in the 1990s. Given in lower does than clozapine, potentially leads to fewer side effects, it binds to dopamine and serotonin receptors, but binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, hence the ability to give smaller doeses

75
Q

Rosenham (1973)

A

a study on psychiatric hospitals in the US revealed dehumanising treatment on vulnerable patients, leading to an overhaul of care protocols and standards, where sane people infiltrated asylums and found that the doctors couldn’t tell the difference between sane and insane people

76
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

where schizophrenia and a personality disorder are comorbid

77
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a mental illness characterised by persistent and consistent psychotic breakdowns

78
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

the rarest schizophrenia diagnosis, characterised by unusual, limited and sudden movements; a person may often switch between being very active or very still, may not talk much and may mimic other’s speech and movement

79
Q

Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia

A

where patients experience unusual bodily symptoms

80
Q

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia

A

also known as ‘disorganised schizophrenia’, typically develops at age 15-25; symptoms include disorganised behaviours and thoughts, short-lasting delusions and hallucinations and possibly disorganised speech patterns that others struggle to understand, people may also show little emotion in facial expressions, voice tone or mannerisms

81
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

the most common type of schizophrenia, may develop later in life than other forms; symptoms include hallucinations and/or delusions, but speech and emotions may not be affected

82
Q

Schizophrenia in Remission

A

where someone previously diagnosed with schizophrenia is no longer exhibiting symptoms

83
Q

Simple Schizophrenia

A

where negative symptoms are most prominent early and worsen, while positive symptoms are rarely experienced

84
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

may patients don’t obviously fit into one of these types

85
Q

Schizophrenogenic Mother

A

a mother who creates schizophrenic children, generally domineering, cold, rejecting and guilt-producing

86
Q

Selective Attention

A

where the performer focuses their concentration on what they are doing or about to do and ignores all other distracts. Deficits in this can lead to problems concentrating

87
Q

Social Defeat

A

repeated experiences of marginalisation, exclusion and discrimination, thought to contribute to schizophrenia

88
Q

Stress-Vulnerability Model

A

a spectrum model showing how likely someone is to develop psychosis, where people with high vulnerability require little stress to tip into psychosis

89
Q

Subcortex

A

central areas of the brain

90
Q

Symptom Overlap

A

occurs when two or more conditions share symptoms, calling into question classifying them separately

91
Q

Talking Therapies

A

encourages people to listen to voices and question them, speak to them with kindness and respect so the voices respond with more kindness and respect

92
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

a side effect of typical antipsychotics caused by dopamine sensitivity that manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, lip-smacking and blinking

93
Q

Thought Disorder

A

where thoughts feel jumbled and the person has difficulty concentrating and communicating

94
Q

Thought Insertion

A

the experience of having thoughts projected into the mind by others

95
Q

Token Economies

A

a form of behavioural therapy that uses operant conditioning where desirable behaviours are reinforced through selective reinforcement

96
Q

Torrey (2002)

A

found abnormally high rates in Southern Ireland and Croatia, and significantly lower in Italy and Spain

97
Q

Turkington and Kingdon (1996)

A

studied a patient who believed communist were flying over his house in planes and shooting him with invisible rays that caused physical symptoms

Psychology A-Level (17 decks)

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