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Psychology A-Level > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Accumbens

A

part of the reward circuit in the brain, affected by schizophrenia

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2
Q

Aetiologically Heterogeneous

A

means there are a combination of different factors that can cause something

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3
Q

Agonist

A

a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

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4
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

a side effect of Clozapine where production of white blood cells is lowered, leaving the patient potentially lethally vulnerable to infections

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5
Q

Allen et al (2007)

A

scanned patients with auditory hallucinations, compared with a control and found lower activation levels in the superior temporary gyrus in the hallucination group, showing that the superior temporal gyrus is a neural correlate for auditory hallucinations

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6
Q

Amphetamines

A

dopamine agonists

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7
Q

Andreason (1982)

A

first to describe avolition in schizophrenia

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8
Q

Antagonist

A

a substance which interferes wit or inhibits physiological actions of another

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9
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

tracks progression of goal-directed action sequences, affects schizophrenia

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10
Q

Anti-Psychiatrists

A

a movement based on the view that psychiatric treatment can be often more damaging than helpful to patients

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11
Q

Avatar Therapy

A

where psychologists create faces of what a patient believes their voices look like and give the patient the opportunity to challenge them

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12
Q

Bateman (1956)

A

suggested the Double Bind Theory

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13
Q

Beck et al (1961)

A

found that agreement on diagnosis for 153 patients where each was assessed by two psychiatrists, was only 54% due to vague diagnostic criteria and inconsistencies in techniques to gather data

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14
Q

Berger (1965)

A

found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements from their mothers than non-schizophrenics, however, evidence may not be reliable as patient’s recall may be affected by their schizophrenia

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15
Q

Betall (1993)

A

suggests abandoning the schizophrenia diagnosis and instead treating each symptom as a disorder in its own right with separate treatment and diagnosis

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16
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks

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17
Q

Buckley et al (2009)

A

found that around half of all patients diagnosed with schizophrenia also had a diagnosis of depression, questioning the ability to differentiate between the two and diagnosed accurately. It could be that very severe depression can present as schizophrenia because it looks a lot like it.

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18
Q

Candidate Genes

A

individual genes associated with risk of inheritance

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19
Q

Catatonic Behaviour

A

characterised by abnormal motor activity where a person may experience loss or motor skills or extreme hyperactive motor activity

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20
Q

Caudate/Associative Striatum

A

central to associative learning and encodes action-specific value signals. In schizophrenia, this causes deficits in outcome-specific devaluation

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21
Q

CBT

A

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

aims to change patients thought processes, such as challenging negative thoughts, and uses behavioural techniques to help patients have a better quality of life

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22
Q

Central Control

A

the cognitive ability to suppress automatic response whilst we perform deliberate actions instead. Disorganised speech and thought disorder could result from inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts

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23
Q

Chadwick and Birchwood (1996)

A

studied DD, an economics graduate who frequently heard the voice of the devil, claiming to use her telepathic powers to control the prime minister, making him do things that would destroy the British economy, making her feel guilty whenever the economy took a turn for the worse

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24
Q

Cheniaux et al (2009)

A

investigated the reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis by comparing patients diagnosed with the DSM and patients diagnosed with the ICD, found poor reliability and that patients were more likely to be diagnosed under ICD criteria

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25
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

a typical antipsychotic used since the 1950s, acts as a dopamine antagonist to reduce positive symptoms, as well as having a sedative effect

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26
Q

Classification of Mental Disorders

A

the process of organising symptoms based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers

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27
Q

Clozapine

A

a typical antipsychotic used since the 1970s, affects dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors, so can improve mood as well as positive symptoms, but can cause agranulocytosis

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28
Q

Cochrane and Sashidharan

A

examined diagnosis rates of schizophrenia in the UK and found that those of African-Caribbean origin were seven times more likely to be diagnosed despite rates of schizophrenia in the Caribbean, they are no higher than the UK

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29
Q

Cognitive Explanations

A

cognitive explanation focuses on mental processes. Schizophrenia is associated with an array of abnormal information processing; these abnormalities can be used to explain why a person experiences schizophrenia

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30
Q

Comorbidity

A

the occurrence of two or more illnesses together, for example when a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. When two conditions are frequently diagnosed together, it calls into question the validity of classifying the two separately

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31
Q

Cooper et al (1972)

A

found that in US, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia rose from 20% in 1930s to 80% in 1950s whereas in London, diagnosis rate remained constant throughout same period

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32
Q

Copeland (1971)

A

gave 124 US and 194 British psychiatrists a description of a patient. 69% of the US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia but only 2% of British psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia.

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33
Q

Coping Strategy Enhancement

A

a form of CBT for schizophrenia developed by Tarrier (1990) where the therapist develops a rapport with the patient, identifies triggers for their symptoms and helps them find ways of dealing with these using behavioural and cognitive techniques

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34
Q

Cotton et al (2009)

A

suggested there is gender bias in schizophrenia and that women typically function better than men and are more likely to work and have good family relationships despite having schizophrenia

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35
Q

Crow (1985)

A

suggested that schizophrenia is too broad a term and there are two distinct versions, which respond to different treatments but some people do not fit neatly into one category

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36
Q

Type 1 Schizophrenia

A

acute disorder characterised by positive symptoms, described only by Crow

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37
Q

Type 2 Schizophrenia

A

chronic disorder characterised by negative symptoms, described only by Crow

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38
Q

Curran et al (2004)

A

found that overdoses of amphetamines produced schizophrenia-like symptoms and that schizophrenia symptoms have abnormally large responses to low amphetamine responses

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39
Q

Davis

A

added cortical hypodopaminergia to the dopamine hypothesis

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40
Q

Davison and Neale (1994)

A

in Asian cultures, a person experiencing some emotional turmoil is praised & rewarded if they show no expression of their emotions whereas in certain Arabic cultures, the outpouring of public emotion is understood and often encouraged. This can cause behaviours to be seen as abnormal when they aren’t

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41
Q

Derailment

A

where schizophrenic people go off on a tangent, caused by deficits in central control

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42
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

suggests that both vulnerability and a trigger are necessary for the onset of schizophrenia

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43
Q

Dissociation

A

a mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity

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44
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter that generally has an excitatory effect and is associated with the sensation of pleasure. Unusually high levels are associated with schizophrenia and abnormally low levels with Parkinson’s disease

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45
Q

DBH

A

Dopamine-Beta-Hydroxylase

breaks down dopamine, abnormally low levels found in schizophrenia patients

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46
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

theory that abnormal levels of dopamine cause symptoms of schizophrenia

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47
Q

Outdated Dopamine Hypothesis

A

states that schizophrenia is caused by high levels of dopamine activity in the cortex, subcortex and Broca’s area, caused by an excess of dopamine or an excess of dopamine receptors, causing neurones that use dopamine fire too often and transmit too many messages, explaining positive symptoms

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48
Q

Updated Dopamine Hypothesis

A

states that schizophrenia is simultaneously caused by low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which is associated with thinking and decision making, explaining negative symptoms

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49
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

mediates action-value comparisons and action control, affected by schizophrenia

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50
Q

Double Bind Theory

A

where a person is given mutually contradictory signals by another person, placing them in an impossible situation, causing internal conflict. Schizophrenic symptoms represent an attempt to escape from the double bind, developed by Bateman (1956)

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51
Q

Double Bind Theory

A

where a person is given mutually contradictory signals by another person, placing them in an impossible situation, causing internal conflict. Schizophrenic symptoms represent an attempt to escape from the double bind

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52
Q

Ellason and Ross

A

found that people with dissociative identity disorder generally have more schizophrenia symptoms than schizophrenic people

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53
Q

Elizabeth Cochrane

A

a journalist who pretended to be mad in order to infiltrate an asylum in the 1800s. She found that after being admitted, the saner she acted. the more insane they thought she was. She later wrote a book on her experiences, criticising the psychiatry system, claiming doctors couldn’t tell the difference between ill or well people.

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54
Q

Ethnographic Study

A

explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study

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55
Q

Experience Sampling

A

form of electronic diary keeping that asks people to fill in questionnaires to snapshot what they’re like in a particular moment to see what circumstances trigger hallucinations/paranoia

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56
Q

Expressed Emotions

A

negative attitudes, in the form of criticism, hostility and emotional overinvolvement, demonstrated by family members toward a person with a mental disorder

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57
Q

Family Dysfunction

A

abnormal processes within the family such as poor family communication, cold parenting and high levels of expressed emotion

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58
Q

Family Systems Theory

A

a psychoanalytical tradition that looks at the influence of family on abnormal behaviour and systems thinking, for example, a family can be seen as a set of entities where everyone interacts with each other, and if one person starts to behave abnormally, the behaviour may be a manifestation of a problem occurring within the wider family system

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59
Q

Family Therapy

A

a psychological therapy carried out with some or all members of a family with the aim of improving communication and reduce the stress of living as a family, primarily helps reduce relapse rates

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60
Q

First-Rank Symptoms

A

a group of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia but rarely found in other mental disorders

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61
Q

Frida Fromm-Reichmann (1948)

A

listened to accounts of her clients’ childhoods and suggesting an ineffectual father and cold, domineering mother, creating a family climate characterised by tensions and secrecy, leading to distrust, then paranoid delusions and eventually schizophrenia

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62
Q

Frith et al (1992)

A

identified two forms of dysfunctional thought processes in schizophrenia

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63
Q

Central Control

A

cognitive ability to supress automatic responses whilst we perform deliberate actions instead; disorganised speech and thought disorder result from inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by thoughts

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64
Q

Metarepresentation

A

the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviours allowing insight into intentions, goals and interpreting actions of others. Dysfunction in metarepresentation disrupt ability to recognise thoughts and actions as your own, explaining hallucinations, delusions and thought insertion

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65
Q

Genetics

A

genes consist of DNA strands are inherited. DNA produces instructions of physical features of an organism which may impact on psychological features, eg neurotransmitter levels and size of brain structure

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66
Q

Glutamate

A

a neurotransmitter that schizophrenic people have been found to have a deficiency of

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67
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

part of the basal ganglia associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

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68
Q

Goldman-Rakic et al (2004)

A

identified low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which is associated with thinking and decision-making, explaining negative symptoms

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69
Q

Gottesman (1991)

A

carried out a comprehensive review of family studies to investigate causes of schizophrenia

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70
Q

Schizophrenia Rates in the General Population

A

1%

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71
Q

First cousin concordance rates

3rd degree relatives, 12.5% DNA

A

2%

72
Q

Uncles/aunts concordance rates

2nd degree relatives, 25% DNA

A

2%

73
Q

Nephews/nieces concordance rates

2nd degree relatives, 25% DNA

A

4%

74
Q

Grandchildren concordance rates

2nd degree relatives, 25% DNA

A

5%

75
Q

Half-sibling concordance rates

2nd degree relatives, 25% DNA

A

6%

76
Q

Parents concordance rates

1st degree relatives, 50% DNA

A

6%

77
Q

Sibling concordance rates

1st degree relatives, 50% DNA

A

9%

78
Q

Children concordance rates

1st degree relatives, 50% DNA

A

13%

79
Q

Fraternal twins concordance rates

1st degree relatives, 50% DNA

A

17%

80
Q

Identical twins concordance rates

100% DNA

A

48%

81
Q

Gottesman and Shields (1995)

A

carried out a comprehensive review of twin and adoption studies to investigate the cause of schizophrenia

82
Q

Hogarty (1991)

A

produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates

83
Q

Hyperdopaminergia

A

high levels of dopamine activity, particularly in the cortex, subcortex and Broca’s area, caused by an excess of dopamine, causing neurones that use dopamine to fire too much and transmit too many messages, or an excess of dopamine receptors, causing positive symptoms

84
Q

Hypodopaminergia

A

low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, explaining negative symptoms

85
Q

Gottesman and Shields (1995)

A

carried out a comprehensive review of twin and adoption studies to investigate the cause of schizophrenia

86
Q

Interactionist Approach

A

an approach to explaining causes of schizophrenia that acknowledges a broad range of factors including biological, psychological and sociocultural influences

87
Q

Javier Escobar (2012)

A

found that white psychiatrists tended to over-interpret symptoms and distrust the honesty of Afro-Caribbean during diagnosis

88
Q

Juckel et al (2006)

A

measured activity levels here and found lower levels of activity in schizophrenics compared to controls

89
Q

Kim and Berrios (2001)

A

found that social stigmas affect validity of diagnosis. For example, in Japan schizophrenia is so stigmatised that psychiatrists are reluctant to diagnose it so only 20% of those with schizophrenia are actually diagnosed

90
Q

Kuipers et al (1996)

A

studied Mr X, believed other people could read his thoughts through telepathy and would attack him because of what he was thinking, leading him to avoid social situations

91
Q

Lindstroem et al (1999)

A

found that chemicals needed to produce dopamine are taken up faster in the brains of schizophrenic patients than controls, suggesting they produce more dopamine

92
Q

Longenecker et al (2010)

A

reviewed studies of the prevalence of schizophrenia and concluded that since the 1980s, more men have been diagnosed than women, suggested this was due to genetic differences

93
Q

Manic Depression

A

a historic term for bipolar disorder

94
Q

McKenna (1996)

A

suggests schizophrenia may be due to selective attention so symptoms depend in part on the poor ability of a person with schizophrenia to concentrate, or due to lack of self-monitoring, causing thoughts to seem external

95
Q

Metacommunication

A

communication that challenges the primary communication, causing mutually contradictory signals

96
Q

Metrarepresentation

A

the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviours, allowing us insight into our own intentions and goals. It also allows us to interpret the actions of others. Dysfunction into metarepresentation would disrupt our ability to recognise our own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves rather than someone else, explaining hallucinations of voices and delusions like thought insertion

97
Q

Mischler and Waxler (1968)

A

found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder

98
Q

Moghaddam and Javitt (2012)

A

found that schizophrenia patients often have a glutamate deficiency

99
Q

Multi-Axial Approach

A

approach that the DSM takes, considering biological, psychological and social factors, focusing on the individual rather than symptoms by assessing social functioning and physiological state of health

100
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

atypical experiences that represent the loss of a usual experience such as clear thinking or normal levels of motivation

101
Q

Affective Flatenning

A

a lack or flattening of emotions, where a person’s voice becomes dull and monotonous and their faces takes on a constant blank appearance

102
Q

Alogia

A

involves reduced frequency and quality of speech, where a person loses their ability to speak fluently due to slowing or blocked thoughts

103
Q

Anhedonia

A

an inability to enjoy thinks they use to enjoy

104
Q

Avolition

A

involves loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels

105
Q

Social Withdrawal

A

where people find it hard or become reluctant to speak to people

106
Q

Speech Poverty

A

involves reduced frequency and quality of speech, where a person loses their ability to speak fluently due to slowing or blocked thoughts

107
Q

Neural Correlates

A

patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with an experience and may be implicated in the origins of that experience

108
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

a potentially fatal side effect of typical antipsychotics caused by dopamine action being blocked in the hypothalamus, causing high temperature, delirium and coma, sometimes leading to death

109
Q

Placebo

A

a substance that has no therapeutic effect, sued as a control in testing new drugs, eg giving a sugar pill to ensure that any psychological effects of the expectations of taking a drug do not confound results

110
Q

Polygenic

A

requires several genes to work in combination to cause a characteristic

111
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences

112
Q

Abnormal Motor Behaviour

A

where an individual behaves in ways that seem inappropriate or strange to the norms of society

113
Q

Catalepsy

A

holding poses against gravity

114
Q

Catatonia

A

involves having decreased reactivity to your environment

115
Q

Echolalia

A

repeating what is said to you, in the case of schizophrenia, in a meaningless way

116
Q

Waxy Flexibility

A

where you can move a person around like a wax model and they will stay in that position

117
Q

Delusions

A

beliefs that hold no basis in reality

118
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

where an individual believes that something or someone is deliberately trying to mislead, manipulate, hurt or kill you

119
Q

Paranoid Delusions

A

where an individual believes that something or someone is deliberately trying to mislead, manipulate, hurt or kill you

120
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory experiences that are not based in reality or that are distortions of perceptions of things that aren’t there

121
Q

Auditory Hallucinations

A

hearing things that aren’t there

122
Q

Gustatory Hallucinations

A

tasting things that aren’t there

123
Q

Olfactory Hallucinations

A

smelling things that aren’t there

124
Q

Tactile Hallucinations

A

feeling things that aren’t there

125
Q

Visual Hallucinations

A

seeing things that aren’t there

126
Q

Word Salad

A

where a person experiences disorganised speech, speaking in ways that are completely incomprehensible, eg sentences might not make sense or a topic of conversation changes with little or no connection between sentences

127
Q

Peri-Traumatic Dissociation

A

where dissociation occurs as a trauma response

128
Q

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

A

involved in action selection, affected by schizophrenia

129
Q

Primary Communication

A

what somebody actually says

130
Q

Primary Narcissism

A

where id takes over and there is no distinction between reality, fantasy, self and others, causing an inability to function and delayed gratification

131
Q

Private Speech

A

talking to yourself, thinking out loud. This helps children think through what they’re doing, and as we age, this becomes internal, but in schizophrenia, it appears as an external voice no longer recognised as your own

132
Q

Psychodynamic Explanation of Schizophrenia

A

suggests anormal upbringing creates a fragile ego which can be ‘broken’ by the id, leading to regression to an earlier stage of life, dominated by innate instinct, causing regression to primary narcissism, where id takes over and there is no distinction between reality, fantasy, self and others, causing an inability to function and delayed gratification

133
Q

Psychotic Breakdown

A

occurs when a person loses touch with reality due to a decline in their mental well-being

134
Q

Psychosis

A

when people lose some contact with reality

135
Q

Putamen

A

part of the basal ganglia associated with learning, memory, language and emotion, and also schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease

136
Q

Read et al (2005)

A

found that 69% of women and 59% of men with schizophrenia had a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse or both indicating early family trauma in childhood was a risk factor

137
Q

Ripke et al (2014)

A

carried out a large scale study combining data from genome-wide studies which are studies looking at the whole human genome as opposed to particular genes and found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia

138
Q

Risperidone

A

newer atypical psychotic, developed in the 1990s. Given in lower does than clozapine, potentially leads to fewer side effects, it binds to dopamine and serotonin receptors, but binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, hence the ability to give smaller doeses

139
Q

Rosenham (1973)

A

a study on psychiatric hospitals in the US revealed dehumanising treatment on vulnerable patients, leading to an overhaul of care protocols and standards, where sane people infiltrated asylums and found that the doctors couldn’t tell the difference between sane and insane people

140
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

where schizophrenia and a personality disorder are comorbid

141
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a mental illness characterised by persistent and consistent psychotic breakdowns

142
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

the rarest schizophrenia diagnosis, characterised by unusual, limited and sudden movements; a person may often switch between being very active or very still, may not talk much and may mimic other’s speech and movement

143
Q

Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia

A

where patients experience unusual bodily symptoms

144
Q

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia

A

also known as ‘disorganised schizophrenia’, typically develops at age 15-25; symptoms include disorganised behaviours and thoughts, short-lasting delusions and hallucinations and possibly disorganised speech patterns that others struggle to understand, people may also show little emotion in facial expressions, voice tone or mannerisms

145
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

the most common type of schizophrenia, may develop later in life than other forms; symptoms include hallucinations and/or delusions, but speech and emotions may not be affected

146
Q

Schizophrenia in Remission

A

where someone previously diagnosed with schizophrenia is no longer exhibiting symptoms

147
Q

Simon et al (2015)

A

found a negative correlation between activity in the ventral striatum whilst thinking about a reward and avolition

148
Q

Simple Schizophrenia

A

where negative symptoms are most prominent early and worsen, while positive symptoms are rarely experienced

149
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

may patients don’t obviously fit into one of these types

150
Q

Schizophrenogenic Mother

A

a mother who creates schizophrenic children, generally domineering, cold, rejecting and guilt-producing

151
Q

Schneider (1959)

A

tried to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia more reliable by identifying a group of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia but rarely found in other mental disorders, known as first-rank symptoms, formed the basis of ICD classification

152
Q

Selective Attention

A

where the performer focuses their concentration on what they are doing or about to do and ignores all other distracts. Deficits in this can lead to problems concentrating

153
Q

Social Defeat

A

repeated experiences of marginalisation, exclusion and discrimination, thought to contribute to schizophrenia

154
Q

Stirling et al (2006)

A

found that people with schizophrenia generally do twice as badly as non-schizophrenic people in the Stroop test, suggesting a difficulty in supressing automatic processing

155
Q

Stress-Vulnerability Model

A

a spectrum model showing how likely someone is to develop psychosis, where people with high vulnerability require little stress to tip into psychosis

156
Q

Stroop Test

A

tests how well someone can supress automatic processing by asking people to say the colour of various words

157
Q

Subcortex

A

central areas of the brain

158
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

source of caudate dopamine projections. In schizophrenia, the substantia nigra has increased dopamine function and rate-limiting synthesis enzymes

159
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus

A

involved in recognising sounds, contains the primary auditory cortex, involved in auditory hallucinations

160
Q

Symptom Overlap

A

occurs when two or more conditions share symptoms, calling into question classifying them separately

161
Q

Systems Thinking

A

the idea that things are best undertood by looking at the relationship between a set of entities

162
Q

Talking Therapies

A

encourages people to listen to voices and question them, speak to them with kindness and respect so the voices respond with more kindness and respect

163
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

a side effect of typical antipsychotics caused by dopamine sensitivity that manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, lip-smacking and blinking

164
Q

Tauscher et al (2014)

A

found that schizophrenia symptoms can be treated with dopamine antagonists, such as chlorpromazine, which are effective in 60% cases at treating positive symptoms

165
Q

Thought Disorder

A

where thoughts feel jumbled and the person has difficulty concentrating and communicating

166
Q

Thought Insertion

A

the experience of having thoughts projected into the mind by others

167
Q

Tienari (2000)

A

looked at 164 adopted children whose biological mothers had schizophrenia; they had a concordance of 6.7% compared to 2% in adopted children with schizophrenic parents

168
Q

Token Economies

A

a form of behavioural therapy that uses operant conditioning where desirable behaviours are reinforced through selective reinforcement

169
Q

Torrey (2002)

A

found abnormally high rates in Southern Ireland and Croatia, and significantly lower in Italy and Spain

170
Q

Turkington and Kingdon (1996)

A

studied a patient who believed communist were flying over his house in planes and shooting him with invisible rays that caused physical symptoms

171
Q

Vaughan and Leff (1976)

A

found that the relapse rate of schizophrenics discharged to high EE families was 55%, whereas those who were discharged elsewhere was 13%, suggesting the stress of EE might be triggering schizophrenia

172
Q

Ventral Striatum

A

involved in motivation and reward, malfunctions cause avolition in schizophrenia

173
Q

Ventromedial PFC

A

mediates action selection and tracks post-choice values

174
Q

Wise and Stein (1973)

A

report abnormally low levels of DBH in postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, suggesting that those people would have abnormally high dopamine activity

175
Q

Yellowless et al (2002)

A

developed a machine that produced virtual hallucination, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself, with the aim of showing schizophrenics their hallucinations weren’t real. This was successful

Psychology A-Level (17 decks)

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