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Psychology A-Level > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Action Potential

A

when a neurone is activated by a stimulus, the inside of the cell becomes positive charged for a short time, known as action potential

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2
Q

Adoption Studies

A

involve comparing a trait or characteristic between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents

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3
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

the outer portion of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones, which regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and mineralocorticoid hormones, which regulate salt and water balance in the body

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4
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

triangle-shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys and regulate stress response through the synthesis of hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol

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5
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, they key hormone in the fight or flight response

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6
Q

Adrenaline

A

a hormone that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response and is produced by the adrenal medulla in the adrenal glands as well as some of the central nervous system’s neurones

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7
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropin

a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex

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8
Q

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

A

absence of the corpus callosum

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9
Q

Alpha Waves

A

rhythmical, relaxed alpha waves occur when a person is awake and decrease as a person moves from light to deep sleep

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

part of the limbic system which is regarded as the older region of the brain in the evolutionary sense, therefore many of the structures within the limbic system are seen to have some sort of survival benefit; the amygdala in particular has been identified as a structure with links to emotional regulation and aggression

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11
Q

Antagonistic

A

where systems work usefully in opposition to each other, and therefore cannot work at the same time, such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

transmits and receives messages to the organs and it is divided further into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

Axon

A

an extension of the neuron that carries the impulse away from the cell body and is carried in a myelin sheath

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15
Q

Axonal Sprouting

A

growth of new nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways

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16
Q

Beta Waves

A

found during REM

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17
Q

Biochemistry

A

the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physio-chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms

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18
Q

BRAC

A

Basic Rest Activity Cycle

alertness, then fatigue in a ninety minute rhythm that repeats in the sleep cycle

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19
Q

Brain

A

maintains life and involves higher functions and psychological processes

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20
Q

Brain Stem

A

regulates our most primitive and involuntary behaviours such as breathing, sleeping or sneezing, also known as the central core

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21
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

characterised by partial loss of speech ability, but does not affect comprehension, caused by issues with Broca’s area

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22
Q

Broca’s Area

A

region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function

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23
Q

Campbell and Murphy

A

they shone light onto the back of knees of fifteen participants when they woke them at various points in the night and managed to vary their sleep cycle by up to three hours

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24
Q

Cell Body

A

contains the nucleus which contains the chromosomes

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25
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, relaying messages to and from an individual’s environment in order to maintain life

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26
Q

Central Core

A

regulates our most primitive and involuntary behaviours, such as breathing, sleeping or sneezing, also known as the brain stem and includes structures such as the hypothalamus, regulating eating, drinking, the endocrine system and homeostasis

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

the largest part of the brain, divided into four lobes

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28
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outermost layer of the cerebrum and each of our sensory systems send messages to and from the cerebral cortex

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29
Q

Cerebrum

A

regulates our higher intellectual processes

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30
Q

Chromosomes

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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31
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

forms a major part of the limbic system

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32
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

a type of biological rhythm that operates along a 24-hour cycle, regulating a number of bodily processes such as core body temperature

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33
Q

Commissurotomy

A

this is where the corpus callosum is severed so the two hemispheres are separated and don’t communicate with each other and was done to control frequent and severe epileptic fits

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34
Q

Concordance Rates

A

refers to the extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics

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35
Q

Corpus Callosotomy

A

a procedure involved in treating epilepsy that involves severing the corpus callosum to stop seizures bouncing between the two hemispheres

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36
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a bundle of approximately 200 million nerves that pass between the two hemispheres, enables messages to enter the right hemisphere and be conveyed to the left hemisphere and vice versa

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37
Q

Cortical Reorganisation

A

the process by which an existing cortical map is affected by a stimulus resulting in the creation of a new cortical map

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38
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

this is produced by the hypothalamus and triggers ACTH to be produced by the pituitary gland

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39
Q

Cortisol

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that is involved in the chronic stress response and increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels

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40
Q

Delta Waves

A

occur during deep sleep

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41
Q

Dement and Kleitman (1957)

A

monitored brainwave activity of nine participants using an EEG and found that REM activity highly correlated with dreaming and replications have found similar findings

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42
Q

Dendrites

A

extend from the cell body and carry electrical impulses from other neurones towards the cell body

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43
Q

Diurnal

A

the opposite of nocturnal

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44
Q

Dizygotic

A

twins formed from two separate eggs that both become fertilised with different sperm, hare 50% of their DNA, the same as normal siblings or parents

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45
Q

Dormant Plasticity

A

synapses which have not received enough input to be active

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46
Q

Dragonski et al (2006)

A

medical students had brain images taken three months before and after their final exams. Learning-induced changes were seen to have occurred in the posterior hippocampus and the parietal cortex, presumably as a result of studying for exams

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47
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

measures activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp that detect small electrical charges resulting from brain cell activity, and when electrical signals form the different electrodes are graphed over a period of time, the resulting impression is the EEG, which can be used to diagnose brain injury, disease and disorder such as epilepsy and Alzheimer’s

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48
Q

Effectors

A

muscles or glands

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49
Q

Endocrine System

A

maintains levels of hormones, controlling vital functioning but works slower than the nervous system because hormones travel through the blood but is more effective than the nervous system with more powerful widespread effects, this is all done via glands in the body that use hormones as chemical messages in the bloodstreams

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50
Q

Endogenous Pacemakers

A

internal body clocks that regulate biological rhythms

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51
Q

Entrainment

A

the process by which the biological clock is reset each day by cues in the environment

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52
Q

Epigenetics

A

the theory that you can inherit genes that make it likely you will have certain mental abnormalities, but an environmental trigger is also needed

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53
Q

Ericsson (1993)

A

found that the best violinist tended to practise for three sessions throughout the course of the day, each for no longer than ninety minutes with a break in between to recharge

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54
Q

ERPS

A

Event Related Potentials

types of brainwaves triggered by particular events, can be studied when neural responses isolated with specific sensory, cognitive or motor events are isolated using a statistical averaging technique where all extraneous brain activity from an EEG is filtered out

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55
Q

Evolution

A

a biological force that shapes behaviour through adaptation via natural selection

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56
Q

Exogenous Zeitgeber

A

external cues that influence our biological rhythms

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57
Q

Family Studies

A

where psychologists study families in order to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour

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58
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

the way all animals, including humans, respond to stress as it becomes physiologically aroused to fight an aggressor or run away

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59
Q

fMRI Scans

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans

scans that produce images related to the levels of oxygen in the blood and therefore to metabolic function, and hence, localised brain activity. These scanners produce images related to the water molecule’s hydrogen nuclei and therefore to anatomical structure. These are expensive and are mainly used for experimental research

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60
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality, and voluntary movement

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61
Q

Functional Recovery

A

the transfer of functions from a damaged area of the brain after trauma to other undamaged areas

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62
Q

Francis Galton (1869)

A

stated that all abilities are inherited, a very simplistic viewpoint, but later had to agree that any resemblance between family relatives could be a result of both genes and the shared environment

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63
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

hormone that causes an egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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64
Q

Ganglion

A

mass of grey matter within the central nervous system

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65
Q

Gazzaniga (1998)

A

suggests that some of the early discoveries from split-brain research have been disconfirmed by recent studies, because case studies have demonstrated that people can develop the capacity to speak out of the right hemisphere

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66
Q

Genes

A

basic units of hereditary, function in pairs and the recombination of genes from parents to offspring provides the basis for genetic variability. Genes only determine the potential for characteristics and the observable characteristics of an individual depend on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors

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67
Q

Genetic Material

A

made up of DNA, which, for sexually reproducible organism, are given by the sperm and egg of the parents

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68
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic make up of an individual

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69
Q

Ghrelin

A

the hormone that is produced when someone is hungry

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70
Q

Glands

A

produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a wide range of functions; these control many different bodily functions including respiration, metabolism, reproduction, sensory perception, movement, sexual development and growth

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71
Q

Glucose

A

the product of digesting starch, a sugar found in the body

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72
Q

Glycogen

A

glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles when carbohydrates are consumed

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73
Q

Grey Matter

A

the cell bodies in the cerebral cortex, which causes the cerebral cortex to look grey

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74
Q

Growth Hormone

A

a substance that controls growth, including muscle mass and decreasing body fat

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75
Q

Gross and Rolls (2008)

A

found that the SCN probably coordinates the behaviour of other body cells by sending neural signals or releasing neurohormones

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76
Q

Hemispherectomy

A

where one hemisphere is completely removed

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77
Q

Hemispherical Specialisation

A

where on hemisphere dominates for a specific task

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78
Q

Hippocampal Volume

A

how large someone’s hippocampus is

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79
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s natural ability to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment despite external circumstances

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80
Q

Hormones

A

made by the endocrine glands, these are chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to tissues or organs, and affect many processes, including growth, metabolism, sexual function, reproduction and mood

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81
Q

Hubel and Wiesel (1963)

A

involved sewing one eye of a kitten shut and analysing the brain’s cortical responses. It was found that the area of the visual cortex associated with the shut eye was not idle as had bee predicted but continued to process information from the open eye

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82
Q

Hypothalamus

A

coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity

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83
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

regulates food intake and sleep

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84
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

the centre of the hypothalamus, involved in terminating hunger, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity

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85
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

a structure in the midbrain that serves as a relay point for auditory information

86
Q

Infaradian Rhythm

A

biological rhythms that occur less than once every twenty four hours, such as the menstrual cycle

87
Q

Insulin

A

allows cells to absorb glucose in the blood, controls storage of glycogen in the liver

88
Q

Jody Miller

A

had a hemispherectomy as a toddler for Rasmussen’s Encephalitis, which caused some mild paralysis but Jody is otherwise healthy and is living a normal life because the left hemisphere was able to take over the role of the right hemisphere

89
Q

Karl Lashley (1950)

A

suggests that the basic motor and sensory functions are localised, but higher mental functions are not. Lashley claimed that intact areas of the cortex could take over specific cognitive functions following injury to the areas normally responsible for that function and the effects of brain damage are determined by extent rather than location

90
Q

Kleitman (1969)

A

suggested that there is a ninety minute cycle during waking hours as well as during sleep

91
Q

Lateralisation

A

the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain for particular physical and psychological functions

92
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

the two largest ventricles in the brain, containing cerebrospinal fluid

93
Q

Leucotomy

A

cutting connections to a particular part of the brain

94
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

hormone that causes mature eggs to be released from the ovary

95
Q

Limbic System

A

this is around the central core of the brain and is interconnected with the hypothalamus which contains the hippocampus, controls emotions and plays a key role in memory

96
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation

97
Q

Master Gland

A

the pituitary gland, secretes many of the most important hormones in the body

98
Q

Maze Bright Rats

A

rats who found their way through the maze with few problems

99
Q

Maze Dull Rats

A

rats who found their way through the maze with immense difficulty, or didn’t find their way through at all

100
Q

Mechelli et al (2004)

A

it was found that bilingual people have a larger parietal cortex than monolingual controls

101
Q

Medina et al (2007)

A

found that prolonged use of marijuana resulted in poorer cognitive functioning as well as an increased risk of dementia in later life

102
Q

Medulla

A

the bottom most part of the brain, where the spinal cord attaches to the brain

103
Q

Melatonin

A

responsible for biological rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle

104
Q

Michael Siffre

A

in 1962, Siffre spent two months in a dark cave, showing that the circadian cycle was slightly over 24 hours long. In 1972, Siffre spent six months in a dark cave, and this affected his dexterity, eyesight and memory. In 1999, he spent seventy-six days underground

105
Q

Midbrain

A

a small central part of the brainstem

106
Q

Miles et al (1997)

A

a case study of a young man who was blind from birth and had a circadian rhythm of 24.9 hours. Despite exposure to social cues, his sleep wake system could not be adjusted and consequently, he had to take sedatives at night and stimulants in the morning to keep pace with the 24-hour world

107
Q

Mineralocorticoid Hormones

A

regulate salt and water balance in the body, produced by the adrenal cortex

108
Q

Monozygotic

A

twins formed from a fertilised cell that split in two to form two separate embryos, share 100% of the same DNA

109
Q

Mora Leeb

A

had a stroke in utero that destroyed the left half of her brain, did not walk until the age of two, talk in full sentences until six and has some vision impairments and some level of learning disability but would not be doing as well without functional recovery

110
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty substance that covers the axon, the main purpose of which is to increase the spread at which impulses propagate

111
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

describes the brain’s tendency to change and adapt functionally and physically as a result of experience and new learning

112
Q

Neurochemical Underpinnings

A

something that can be explained by neurotransmitters

113
Q

Neurochemistry

A

the branch of biochemistry concerned with the processes occurring in nerve tissue and the nervous system

114
Q

Neurohormones

A

a hormone produced by nerve cells and secreted into the bloodstream

115
Q

Neuronal Unmasking

A

the process by which functional recovery happens, where dormant synapses open connections to compensate for a damaged area of the brain

116
Q

Neurones

A

nerve cells that relay information to the central nervous system

117
Q

Motor Neurones

A

carry signals from the CNS to effectors, have short dendrites and long axons, connect the CNS to effectors and are found in the CNS and control muscle movements. When motor neurones are stimulated, they release neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on muscles to trigger a response which lead to movement

118
Q

Relay Neurones

A

carry messages from one part of the CNS to another, have long dendrites and short axons, are found in the spinal cord and allow sensory and motor neurones to communicate

119
Q

Sensory Neurones

A

carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and the brain, have long dendrites and short axons and are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin. When the impulses reach the brain, they are translated into sensations such as vision, hearing, taste and touch. However, not all sensory neurones reach the brain, as some stop at the spinal cord, allowing for reflex actions

120
Q

Neurophysiological Underpinnings

A

something that can be explained by physical structures in the brain

121
Q

Neurorehabilitation

A

rehabilitating people after brain damage

122
Q

Neurosurgical Evidence

A

this is by far the most extreme treatment as it involves the destruction of healthy brain tissues. It is still used for treatment-resistant severe depressives and extreme cases of OCD. The success of these procedures strongly suggests that symptoms and behaviours associated with severe mental disorders are localised

123
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals transmitted within the brain via cerebral fluid that diffuse across the synaptic cleft

124
Q

Nodes of Ravier

A

breaks in the myelin sheath of between 0.2 to 2mm

125
Q

Noradrenaline

A

hormone produced by the adrenal glands, also acts as a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that transmit signals across nerve endings in the body and together with hormones, helps the body respond to stress and exercise

126
Q

NREM

A

Non Rapid Eye Movement

the deep stage of sleep when memories are consolidated

127
Q

Nucleus

A

the part of the cell body that contains the chromosomes

128
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

works in the reward circuit of brain producing dopamine

129
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

the rearmost lobe in the cerebral hemisphere of the brain

130
Q

Oestrogen

A

hormone that stops the production of FSH, causes the pituitary gland to secrete LH

131
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the part of the brain where optic nerves cross

132
Q

Optic Nerves

A

transmit impulses from the retina to the brain

133
Q

Ovaries

A

the egg producing organisms found in females that produces oestrogen and progesterone

134
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labour and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts

135
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes insulin which helps glucose move from the blood into the cells to be used for energy, and secretes glucagon when blood sugar is low

136
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system

137
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

maintains or decreases bodily activities when relaxed

138
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

the lobe at the top of the head, concerned with reception and correlation of sensory information

139
Q

Patient EB

A

had a hemispherectomy at two and a half to remove a brain tumour and suffered immediate loss of language abilities. By age five, had no language problems, performed visual-spatial and face recognition tasks normally and had an IQ of 78. By age 17, he performed normally apart from some minor grammatical problems and syndromic dyslexia

140
Q

Patient JW

A

an epileptic patient who, prior to having a corpus callosotomy, had a language-dominant left hemisphere, but later recovered, showing how the brain can recover functions

141
Q

Patient Tan

A

a patient who displayed speech problems in life and post mortem was found to have a lesion on his Broca’s area

142
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

extends beyond the central nervous system to transmit messages from the brain to the whole body and vice versa

143
Q

Peterson (1988)

A

used brain scans to demonstrate how Wernicke’s area was active during listening tasks and Broca’s area was active during reading tasks, suggesting these areas are responsible for these tasks

144
Q

Phantom Limb Syndrome

A

60-80% of amputees experience this due to cortical reorganisation in the somatosensory cortex that occurs as a result of limb loss

145
Q

Phenotype

A

the characteristics shown by an individual that occur due to their genes and environment

146
Q

Pheronomes

A

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species

147
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a man working on the railway who was involved in an accident where a metal pole went through his brain and survived, though had a vastly different personality afterwards

148
Q

Pineal Gland

A

a small endocrine gland located in the centre of the brain between the two hemispheres, secretes melatonin which helps regulate sleep/wake patterns

149
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

a small endocrine gland located at the base of the skull, also known as the master gland, secretes most of the important hormones in the body, including those that control growth, blood pressure, breast milk production, metabolism, reproduction and stress

150
Q

Pons

A

part of the brainstem that links the brain to the spinal cord

151
Q

Postmortem Examination

A

used to establish underlying neurobiology of a particular behaviour

152
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

part of the brain that regulates emotional behaviour, has reduced activity in psychopaths

153
Q

Progesterone

A

maintains the lining of the uterus wall

154
Q

Propagate

A

the way impulses are transmitted along myelin sheaths

155
Q

Ralph et al (1990)

A

removed the SCN from hamsters brains and was able to breed mutant hamsters with a 20-hour rhythm rather than 24

156
Q

Randy Gardener

A

Randy was a DJ who remained awake for 11 days and 24 minutes for a radio show. He experienced blurred vision, disorganised speech, memory problems, mood swings and then began experiencing symptoms similar to schizophrenia

157
Q

Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

A

a rare neurological disease causing chronic inflammation on one side of the brain leading to drug-resistant epilepsy, hemiplegia and progressive loss of motor and cognitive skills, for which the only treatment is surgery, generally hemispherectomy

158
Q

Recruitment of Homologous Areas

A

similar areas on the opposite side of the brain take over tasks that the damaged area would have performed

159
Q

Reformation of Blood Vessels

A

blood vessels regrow to ensure oxygen and glucose can serve the brain

160
Q

Retinohypothalamaic Tract

A

a photic neural input pathway involved in the circadian rhythms of mammals

161
Q

Rusak and Zucker (1975)

A

found that SCN-lesioned hamsters began to secrete testosterone all year round instead of just in breeding season

162
Q

Schneider et al (2014)

A

patients with the equivalent of a university degree are seven times more likely to be disability-free after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

163
Q

SCN

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

lies in the hypothalamus

164
Q

Selective Breeding

A

method involves artificially selecting male and female animals for a particular trait. These animals are then put together in order to breed and produce offspring. Selective breeding has been used to demonstrate how a number of behavioural characteristics may have a genetic basis

165
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

an example of a circadian rhythm

166
Q

Stage 1

A

makes up 4-5% of sleep, light sleep where muscle activity slows down and there is occasional muscle twitching

167
Q

Stage 2

A

makes up 45-55% of sleep, breathing pattern and heart rate slows and there is slight decrease in body temperature

168
Q

Stage 3

A

makes up 4-6% of sleep, where deep sleep begins to generate slow delta waves

169
Q

Stage 4

A

makes up 12-15% of sleep, very deep sleep, where there is rhythmic breathing, limited muscle activity and the brain produces delta waves

170
Q

Stage 5

A

makes up 20-25% of sleep, rapid eye movement occurs, brain waves speed up and dreaming occurs, muscles relax and heart rate increases, breathing is rapid and shallow

171
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

transmits and receives messages from senses but also directs muscles to react and move

172
Q

Sperry (1968)

A

a study on split brain patients that showed which hemisphere is responsible for multiple tasks

173
Q

Spinal Cord

A

receives and transmits information to and from the system

174
Q

Split-Brain Operation

A

an operation that involves severing the corpus callosum, often done in patients with severe epilepsy, the idea being that by cutting the connection, the electrical signals would not be able to bounce between the two hemispheres reducing the number of seizures a person would have. This includes using mental images, forming concepts and developing schemas

175
Q

Stephan and Zucker (1972)

A

found that cycles of sleep, feeding and activity are disrupted if the SCN is removed or damaged as light is no longer able to rest the clock each day

176
Q

Steroid Horones

A

regulates carbohydrates and fat metabolism, regulated by adrenal cortex

177
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

whereby functional recovery originally happens fast and then slows down over several weeks or months, at which point rehabilitative therapy may be needed

178
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

directs eye movement and handles visual input from the retina

179
Q

Sweaty Lip Ladies Study

A

McClintock gathered 29 women with irregular periods and wiped pads containing the sweat of nine women with regular periods on their upper lips, as sweat contains pheronomes. 68% of women experienced changes to their cycle which brought them in line with the cycle of their donor

180
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

activates bodily activities when stressed

181
Q

Synapse

A

a very small gap between neurones

182
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

the gap between two neurones

183
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

rarely used neuronal connections are deleted and frequently used ones are strengthened

184
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

how chemical diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane on the next neurone, stimulating the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse

185
Q

Szaflarski et al (2006)

A

found that language became more lateralised to the left hemisphere with increasing age in children and adolescents, but after the age of 25, lateralisation then decreased with each decade of life, suggesting that lateralisation changes with normal ageing

186
Q

Tajiri et al (2013)

A

provides evidence for the role of stem cells in recovery from brain injury. Purposefully brain injured rats were assigned two groups, one of which received stem cell injections into the damaged region of the brain. Three months later, those who had received stem cells showed clearer development of neurone-like cells the areas of the injury accompanied by a solid stream of stem cells migrating to the brain’s site of injury, which was not the case with the control group

187
Q

Taylor (2000)

A

found gender differences in the fight or flight response

188
Q

Testosterone

A

a steroid androgen hormone and the primary male sex hormone, produced by the testes in men and ovaries in women, and it plays key roles in libido, energy and immune function in both men and women

189
Q

Theta Waves

A

occur during light sleep

190
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

the lobe underneath the temples, concerned with understanding speech

191
Q

Testes

A

the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone

192
Q

Thalamus

A

either of two masses of grey matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a centre for pain perception

193
Q

Tryon’s Rat Experiment

A

Robert Tryon had a group of rates solve a maze, then bred maze bright rats with maze dull rats, and had the maze bright rats raise maze dull rats, and vice versa. Despite this, the bright rats still did better in the maze than the dull rats

194
Q

Twin Studies

A

where psychologists study twins in order to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour

195
Q

Tyrosine

A

used to make dopamine

196
Q

Ultradian Rhythm

A

biological rhythms that occur more than once in 24 hours

197
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

characterised by difficulty comprehending spoke and written language despite being able to speak fluently, caused by issues with Wernicke’s area

198
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

a region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language

199
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilised egg

200
Q

Gut

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: slows digestion
Parasympathetic Nervous System: increases digestion

201
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: inhibits saliva production
Parasympathetic Nervous System: increases saliva production

202
Q

Heart

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: increases heart rate
Parasympathetic Nervous System: decreases heart rate

203
Q

Liver

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: stimulates glucose production
Parasympathetic Nervous System: stimulates bile production

204
Q

Bladder

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: stimulates urination
Parasympathetic Nervous System: inhibits urination

205
Q

Eyes

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: dilates pupils
Parasympathetic Nervous System: constricts pupils

206
Q

Lungs

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: dilates bronchi
Parasympathetic Nervous System: constricts bronchi

207
Q

Thyroid Disorders

A

typically result when the gland releases too little or too much thyroid hormone

208
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

gland located in the neck, regulates metabolism, which is the body’s ability to break down food and convert it to energy

209
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

plays a crucial role in heart and digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone health and muscle control, secreted directly into the blood stream by the thyroid gland

210
Q

Yamazaki et al (2000)

A

reported that circadian rhythms persist in culture-grown tissues in the laboratory implying that body cells seem to follow the circadian activity even when they are not under the direct control of the SCN

Psychology A-Level (17 decks)

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