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Forensic Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

40 Point Test

A

test for psychopathy

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2
Q

44 Thieves Study

A

Bowlby studied 88 emotionally disturbed juveniles in a retrospective study which involved interviews with those who knew the juveniles and examining their school, medical and police records. Half of these were identified thieves and half had no known criminal record. Of the group of thieves, 17 had been separated from their mothers for more than six months during their first five years of life, whereas in the non-criminal group, only two had been separated

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3
Q

Adopted Child Syndrome

A

a controversial term used to explain behaviour in adopted children including problems bonding, attachment disorders, lying, stealing, defiance of authority and acts of violence

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4
Q

Affectionless Psychopathy

A

where people appear not to care about anything or anyone due to lack of love and care in early years

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5
Q

Aileen Wuornos

A

a female serial killer who murdered men that she believed that committed rape, as revenge for her father raping a seven-year-old girl

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6
Q

Alarid et al (2000)

A

tested 1153 convicted criminals for the extent to which differential association theory could explain their offending behaviour and found that differential association served a good general theory of crime and could explain offending behaviour, especially in men, so it is necessary to look at the context of offending

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7
Q

Allyon (1979)

A

found the same as Hobbs and Holt in adult prisons

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8
Q

Alvaro and Gibbs (1996)

A

measures cognitive distortions in anti-social young adults and found a strong correlation between levels of anti-social behaviour and minimilisation, indicated that offenders use minimilisation with negative behaviours to help them deal with their actions

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9
Q

Anxiety and PTSD

A

argues that offenders imprisoned for serious crimes may experience flashbacks and anxiety as a result; arguably the prison environment gives them a greater chance to reflect on what they have done, lading to increased psychological problems

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10
Q

Atavistic Form

A

a disproven theory by Lombroso which stated you could tell who would be a criminal by looking at them

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11
Q

Bartol (1995)

A

suggested imprisonment is brutal because suicide rates are 15 times higher amongst prisoners than in the general population and 25% of women and 15% of men in prison suffer from psychological disorders triggered in prison, so custodial sentencing is not as effective as rehabilitation, particularly for the vulnerable

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12
Q

Biological Determinism

A

if crime is biologically determined, how can people be held accountable for the crimes they commit?

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13
Q

Bassett and Blanchard (1977)

A

benefits of token economies are lost if rules are applied inconsistently due to lack of training or high staff turnover

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14
Q

Blackburn (1993) (Eyesenck Evaluation)

A

studied African Caribbean and Hispanic criminals with a matched control group and found criminals were less extraverted, therefore disproving Eysenck’s theory, then pointed out that very few studies have been carried out on the emotional wellbeing of prisoners, which is perhaps down to societal prejudice towards criminals, making it difficult to know whether inmates should be offered psychological help and support, which may help in their rehabilitation and reduce recidivism

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15
Q

Blackburn (1993) (Token Economies)

A

token economies have little rehabilitative value and any positive changes may quickly be lost when offenders are released; progress is unlikely to continue following release because rewards from committing crime are greater

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16
Q

Blackburn (1993) (CBT/Anger Management)

A

there is little evidence that anger management reduces recidivism long-term because role play doesn’t cover all possible situations in which a trigger could arise in real life

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17
Q

Bottom Up Profile (UK Version)

A

developed during an investigation into John Duffy, the Railway Rapist by social psychologist David Canter, focuses on five main assumptions

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18
Q

Interpersonal Coherence

A

there is a consistency between the way offenders interact with their victims and with others in their everyday lives, for example, degree of domination gives clues to physical strength

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19
Q

Time and Place

A

the time and place of an offender’s crime may communicate something about their place of residence or employment

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20
Q

Criminal Characteristics

A

crimes tend to be committed in a similar fashion by offenders and can provide indication of how their criminal activity will develop

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21
Q

Forensic Awareness

A

offenders who show an understanding of a police investigation are likely to have had previous encounters with the criminal justice system

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22
Q

Brower and Price (2001)

A

found a link between frontal lobe dysfunction and violent crime

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23
Q

Brunner et al (1993)

A

conducted an analysis of a large family in The Netherlands, a number of whom were responsible for crimes like rape, arson and exhibitionism. They found that males in that family had a genetic mutation in the MAOA gene

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24
Q

Brunner’s Syndrome

A

a genetic condition caused by a genetic mutation of the MAOA gene which causes a deficiency in the enzyme monoamine oxidase A, which is responsible for metabolism of neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. This leads to the overproduction of serotonin, which causes the brain to become desensitised to it, leading to low IQ (average of 85) and aggression. Because the MAOA gene is on the X chromosome, women can only be carriers of Brunner’s

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25
Q

Buitelaar (2003)

A

found that juvenile delinquents given dopamine antagonists which reduce levels of dopamine showed a decrease in aggressive behaviour

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26
Q

Canter and Youngs (1988)

A

developed geographical profiling

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27
Q

Charles Whitman

A

murdered his wife and mother on 1st August 1966 and then carried out a spree shooting, shooting 45 people and killing 13, and was killed by police. A post-mortem found that Whitman had a tumour the size of a walnut pressing on his amygdala, impacting his aggression and emotional regulation

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28
Q

Christiansen (1977)

A

in a sample size of 3586 pairs of twins found an MZ concordance rate of 35% and a DZ concordance rate of 13%

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29
Q

Circle Theory

A

states that if you draw a circle around all the locations of the crime scenes, the offender is likely to live in the middle; this is used to determine residential location

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30
Q

Application Practice

A

first part of CBT for violent offenders

offenders are given the opportunity to practice their skills within a monitored environment using role-play; the successful response would be met with positive reinforcement from the therapist

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31
Q

Cognitive Preparation

A

second part of CBT for violent offenders

the offender reflects on their past experience of anger and triggers. The therapist will aim to identify if the response is irrational and aim to break an irrational automatic response in the future

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32
Q

Skill Acquisition

A

third part of CBT for violent offenders

offenders are introduced to a range of techniques and skills to help them deal with triggers more effectively

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33
Q

Behavioural Skills

A

assertiveness training to help them communicate more effectively

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34
Q

Cognitive Skills

A

positive self-talk

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35
Q

Physiological Skills

A

methods of relaxation and/or meditation

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36
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

patterns of negative or exaggerated thought, which can reinforce maladaptive behaviour

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37
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias

A

a cognitive style that makes the assumption that other people’s reactions are a negative reaction to the self

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38
Q

Minimalisation

A

downplays the effect of the crime by the offender, a form of self-deception where the offender does not accept the full reality of the situation and will attempt to rationalise what they have done, blaming the victim, trivialising the situation and reducing feelings of guilt

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39
Q

Overgeneralisation

A

downplays the effect of the crime by the offender, a form of self-deception where the offender does not accept the full reality of the situation and will attempt to rationalise what they have done, blaming the victim, trivialising the situation and reducing feelings of guilt

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40
Q

Cohen and Filipczak (1971)

A

found that token economy groups showed more desirable behaviour than control groups, and for the first two years after release, are less likely to reoffend; however, after three years, rates of recidivism went back to reflecting national statistics

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41
Q

Commuters

A

commit crimes away from where they live and are usually organised

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42
Q

Conjugal Visit

A

a scheduled visit where a prisoner is permitted to spend time with their legal spouse to have sex. This is legal in 6 US states but illegal in the UK

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43
Q

Conventional Morality

A

where most law-abiding citizens are, where they decide what is right or wrong based on what the law says

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44
Q

Copson (1995)

A

found that only 14% of senior police officers believed that profiling aided them in solving cases

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45
Q

Crewe (1972)

A

found that fifty percent of adopted children whose biological parents were convicted criminals had a criminal record by the age of eighteen

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46
Q

Crick and Dodge (1994)

A

found evidence to support a relationship between hostile attribution bias and aggression in children and that this existed both in hypothetical situations and real situations

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47
Q

D’Alessio (2012)

A

suggested this may reduce sexual skills they can use after release

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48
Q

Daniel (2006)

A

argues that the first 30 days of incarceration is the high-risk period where people are most likely to commit suicide, similar to how anxiety and depression is highest then

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49
Q

David Canter

A

developed the bottom up profiling method during an investigation into the Railway Rapist

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50
Q

Depression and Stress

A

the loneliness and boredom facing prisons exposes this vulnerability so depression and anxiety are extremely common. However some research indicates that this is more likely to occur at the beginning of a prison sentence whilst prisoners adjust to their situation

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51
Q

Deterrence

A

one of the aims of custodial sentencing, to dissuade people from committing crime

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52
Q

General Deterrence

A

dissuades general society from committing crime

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53
Q

Individual Deterrence

A

dissuades criminals from reoffending

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54
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

used by the ego to maintain balance between the id and superego, to avoid anxiety and intra-psychic conflict

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55
Q

Blocking

A

a phenomenon in which a previously-learned thought process prevents or delays the learning and conditioning of new behaviour

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56
Q

Denial

A

refusing to believe something because it is too painful to acknowledge the reality

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57
Q

Displacement

A

transferring feelings from the true source of the distressing emotions onto a substitute target

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58
Q

Distortion

A

faulty or inaccurate thinking, perception, or belief

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59
Q

Rationalisation

A

explains behaviour in a rational and acceptable way when it is actually very negative

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60
Q

Repression

A

unconscious forgetting; forcing a distressing memory from the conscious mind

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61
Q

Sublimation

A

where you sublimate your true desire for something socially acceptable

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62
Q

Depression and Stress

A

the loneliness and boredom facing prisons exposes this vulnerability so depression and anxiety are extremely common. However some research indicates that this is more likely to occur at the beginning of a prison sentence whilst prisoners adjust to their situation

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63
Q

Deviant Superego

A

occurs if a parent is deviant, you are likely to adopt similar behaviours and morals and commit the same crimes as them

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64
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

where individuals learn values, attitudes, motives and techniques for criminal behaviour through association and interaction with different people

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65
Q

Disorganised Offender

A

crime is generally unplanned and haphazard, they are likely to leave more clues, more likely to know the victim, often familiar with the crime scene, socially inadequate, have an unskilled occupation, is the first or last born, sexually incompetent, lives alone, is frightened or confused at the time of the murder, and has a high ACE score

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66
Q

Dooley (1990)

A

suggests suicide rates in prison is 4 times higher than in the general population

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67
Q

Dopamine Aggressors

A

medications that reduce levels of dopamine

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68
Q

Dopaminergic Activity

A

occurs in the limbic system, causes pleasure to be experienced and the greater the activity, the greater the feeling of pleasure

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69
Q

Douglas et al (1986)

A

stated that the concept of profiling is to not identify one specific person; the aim of profiling is to identify a specific type of person

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70
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

anger management works on many levels, therefore acknowledging the complexity of offender behaviour

71
Q

Extrovert

A

have a high optimum level of arousal, and their general state is underaroused

72
Q

Eysenck (1977)

A

used an unmatched control group and found that when filling out a questionnaire, criminals had high PEN scores

73
Q

Eysenck and Gudjonsson (1979)

A

a repeat of Eysenck’s 1977 experiment that found the same findings

74
Q

Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire

A

measures extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism with a series of yes/no questions

75
Q

Eysenck’s Personality Theory of Crime

A

believed criminal behaviour is a result of personality, which is determined biologically, and the environment

76
Q

Geographical Profiling

A

a form of bottom-up profiling focusing on a time and place, developed by Canter and Youngs, identified that there are a number of clues regarding the place crimes are committed in relation to the offender, dividing offenders into marauders and commuters

77
Q

Centrality

A

as crime scenes are likely to occur in a familiar area to the offender; this means crime scenes tend to cluster

78
Q

Comparative Case Analysis

A

this is the assumption that the crimes are being committed by the same offender and therefore increases the precision of geographical profiling

79
Q

Locatedness

A

in any violent crime, it may be that several locations are relevant; for example, an offender may meet the victim in one place, attack them elsewhere and dispose of their body elsewhere

80
Q

Systematic Crime Location Choice

A

this is the assumption that crime scenes are not random; the offender will likely have some kind of connection or familiarity with the area

81
Q

Gilligan (1972)

A

argues that mal views of morality are more likely to be law-based and pragmatic, whilst women will be more influenced by compassion and care

82
Q

Goring (1913)

A

Goring looked at the facial features of 3000 criminals and non-criminals and found no evidence for facial characteristics of criminals

83
Q

Gudjonsson (1984)

A

developed a measure for the attributions offenders use to blame others for their criminal behaviour by asking them to self-report the extent they blame the circumstances of the environment, blame mental illness of lack of self-control and feel guilt or remorse

84
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

a theorist of personality who propped that personality is biologically based and that the two most important personality traits are the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism, which may lead to crime if there are dangerous levels of them

85
Q

Heather (1977)

A

found among a population of Scottish inmates increased signs of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

86
Q

Heinz Dilemma

A

one of Kohlberg’s dilemmas for his boys. Heinz’s wife is dying of terminal cancer and Heinz goes to a chemist who can cure her but who is massively overcharging how much money he really needs for the cure. Heinz gives him half the money he asks for, so the chemist is still making a massive profit. Heinz then broke into the chemist’s lab and stole the cure

87
Q

Higley et al (1996)

A

found that levels of testosterone were positively correlated with aggressiveness but not impulsivity, whereas levels of serotonin were negatively correlated with impulsive behaviour and extreme aggression, but not general aggression, but this work was done on male non-human primates, suggesting how biochemical levels may underpin offender behaviour

88
Q

Hobbs and Holt (1976)

A

across three young offenders’ institutes, token economies were introduced whilst a fourth acted as a control condition; the token economy groups showed a significant difference in the amount of positive behaviour

89
Q

Hollin (1989)

A

found that somebody may be unfavourable toward stealing but be okay with putting false information on a tax return and thus breaking the law, which accounts for the nature of many different types of crime that not many explanations of offending behaviour can

90
Q

Hollin et al (2002)

A

found that offenders tend to be at a lower level of moral development than non-offenders and different types of offenders show different types of moral reasoning

91
Q

Holmes (1989)

A

found that only 46% of cases where offender profiling was used resulted in arrest and in only 17% of cases did the profile contribute to that arrest

92
Q

Holtzworth-Monroe and Hutchinson (1993)

A

found a link between hostile attribution bias and domestic violence and that men who abused their wives were more likely to think that the woman was being negative toward the husband and that her intentions were hostile

93
Q

Hooton (1939)

A

conducted a 12-year study comparing 13873 male prisoners in 10 US states with a control group of 3023 men, arguing that criminal behaviour was due to biological inferiority and degeneration, and that certain physical features indicated criminal behaviour

94
Q

Howitt (2009)

A

points out that Eysenck’s theory lacks explanatory power because it does not explain why certain criminals commit certain crimes and has no rehabilitative value

95
Q

Hypothetical Vignettes

A

used to measure hostile attribution bias with little stories that can be interpreted as hostile, ambiguous or benign, and an individual rates how angry they would feel if they faced with the imaginary situation

96
Q

Impact Statements

A

where victims explain the impact of crime

97
Q

Incarceration

A

the offender is taken out of society to prevent them committing more crime; the sentence depends on the crime and more incarceration is given for more serious crimes like murder

98
Q

Insitutionalisation

A

having adapted to the customs of prison life, offenders find it difficult to function outside of prison

99
Q

Introverts

A

have a low optimum level of arousal and are generally over-aroused

100
Q

John Duffy

A

known as the Railway Rapist, Duffy committed 23 assault over 4 years and it was this case that David Canter developed his bottom-up profiling method

101
Q

Kandel and Freed (1989)

A

looked at frontal lobe damage and anti-social behaviour and found that there was a tendency for such individuals to exhibit emotional instability, a failure to consider the consequences of their actions to adapt their behaviour in response to external cues and these traits would seemingly be a result of impaired functioning in the frontal lobes, the region responsible for planning behaviour

102
Q

Kaplan (1980)

A

states that poor appearance is linked with poor social interactions and can bring about criminal behaviours due to low self-esteem and a reluctance to conform

103
Q

Keen (2000)

A

the National Anger Management Package was trialed by young offenders in England and Wales aged 17 to 21. There were initial issues of offenders not taking the course seriously but offenders later reported high levels of self-control and increased awareness after the course

104
Q

Kennedy and Grubin (1992)

A

investigated the use of minimalization by sex offender and found that most offenders tried to excuse their behaviour by blaming the victim and a third of offenders denied any involvement with the partner and twenty-five percent believed that their victim benefited in some way from the abuse, suggesting that minimilisation is used extensively by certain offenders for certain crimes

105
Q

Keysers (2011)

A

found that only when criminals were asked to empathise with a person depicting pain on a film did they do so

106
Q

Kohlberg (1963)

A

heavily influenced by the work of Piaget and believed that children’s cognition developed through stages, found by presenting boys aged 7, 10, 13 and 16 with 10 dilemmas in a 2-hour interview and seeing their moral reasoning

107
Q

Kohlberg’s 1st Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Punishment Stage

the most basic reasoning, where someone does something if they know they won’t be punished for it

108
Q

Kohlberg’s 2nd Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Reward Stage

the stage most criminals are in, where they do something if they know they will gain from it

109
Q

Kohlberg’s 3rd Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Good-Boy/Good-Girl Stage

the stage that considers what other people will think of you

110
Q

Kohlberg’s 4th Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Law-and-Order Stage

the stage that considers obedience to law

111
Q

Kohlberg’s 5th Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Social Contract Stage

the stage that adheres to the law but may commit a crime in certain circumstances where they feel the law should not apply

112
Q

Kohlberg’s 6th Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Ethical Principle Stage

the stage where the individual has their own code and may commit a crime if they feel the law is unjust

113
Q

Krakowski (2003)

A

argued through research that whilst serotonin was implicated in lack of impulse control and violence, to make a causal link is difficult, and it also depends on individual difference sand the social context of the behaviour

114
Q

Kruppa (1991)

A

argues that offenders imprisoned for serious crimes may experience flashbacks and anxiety as a result. Arguably the prison environment gives them a greater chance to reflect on what they have done, leading to increased psychological problems

115
Q

Latimer et al (2012)

A

overall feedback is positive compared to other forms of punishment, showing the importance of being committed to the programme and feeling positive about it

116
Q

Lombroso (1893)

A

argued that the criminal is a separate species to the human, somewhere between modern and primitive humans and that the physical shape of the head and face determined the born criminal

117
Q

Loza-Fanous (1999)

A

devised a psychometric test and discovered there was little difference between non-violent and violent offenders; anger management courses may also give offenders an excuse or justification for their behaviour

118
Q

Mann et al (1990)

A

drugs which reduced serotonin increased measures of hostility and aggression in males, but not females

119
Q

MAOA Gene

A

a gene linked to crime and aggression that controls dopamine and serotonin production and mutations in this lead to Brunner’s syndrome

120
Q

Maternal Deprivation Theory

A

theory of criminal behaviour that believes a person does not receive enough love and care in their early life, they will be unable to form positive relationships in adulthood and will see the world as a hostile place, so will become delinquent

121
Q

Mauran and Mann (2006)

A

investigated whether minimilisation was used to deal with the guilt of perpetrating a crime, and argued that prison interventions that tried to reduce minimilisation were unhelpful because minimilisation is actually a healthy psychological strategy and interventions should focus on offenders taking responsibility for the future rather than the past

122
Q

Maurauders

A

commit crimes close to where they live or feel se cure and are usually disorganised

123
Q

NCCHR

A

National Commission on Correctional Healthcare Report (2002)

estimated prevalence of depression affects 13-19% of the prison population

124
Q

McCrae and Costa (1999)

A

edited Eysenck’s personality constructs into their own, now disproven, five factor model of personality that predicted crime: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

125
Q

McGurk et al (1981)

A

believed that Eysenck’s theory was reductionist because most criminals are normal people put in bad circumstances

126
Q

Mednick (1984)

A

in a study of 14000 adoptees, 13% of children adopted by parents with criminal records had a criminal record by the age of eighteen, 20% of children whose biological parents were criminals had a criminal record by the age of eighteen and 24% of children whose adopted and biological parents were criminals had a criminal record by the age of eighteen

127
Q

Megargee (1966)

A

carried out case studies of extremely violent offenders and found that they suppressed anger until it came out all at once, known as the strangulation effect

128
Q

Miers et al (2001)

A

found most meetings were received favourably but some victims felt offenders were taking part for the wrong reasons

129
Q

Mirror Neurones

A

controls empathy response

130
Q

Moir and Jessel (1995)

A

cite a number of human and animal studies which suggest a link between low levels of serotonin and aggression, which is linked to criminal behaviour

131
Q

Monogamy

A

mates with one partner

132
Q

Moya and Achtenburg (1974)

A

offenders are not given any choice over participating in the token economy and withdrawal of privileges such as exercise or phone calls to family may be ethically admirable

133
Q

Neurotics

A

people with more reactive nervous systems, particularly autonomic nervous systems which control adrenaline, so are jumpy, sensitive to stress, nervous and moody

134
Q

Offender Profiling

A

provides a description of the offender based on analysis of the crime scene, the victim and other evidence

135
Q

Organised Offender

A

one that plans the crime, shows self-control at the scene, is careful to cover their tracks, leaves few or no clues, is likely to attack strangers, attempts to control the victim, is intelligent, has a skilled occupation, is socially and sexually competent, is married or cohabiting, is angry or depressed at the time of the murder, is likely to follow the story in social media and likely has a high ACE score

136
Q

Overdeveloped Superego

A

means that an individual is likely to feel overwhelming feelings of guilt and shame, so commits crime to give them a sense of relief because they can then be punished and relieve their conscience

137
Q

Polyandry

A

one woman with multiple men

138
Q

Polygyny

A

one man with multiple women

139
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

where most terrorists are, but also people like the Suffragettes, Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandella, where people develop their own moral code regardless of laws on what they believe to be right and wrong

140
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

where most criminals are, where people develop their moral code on what will get them punished and what will get them rewarded

141
Q

Prisonisation

A

refers to the way inmates are socialised into adopting an inmate code; behaviour that may be considered unacceptable in prison may be encouraged and rewarded in prison

142
Q

Pro-Criminal Attitudes

A

attitudes where committing crimes is okay

143
Q

Promiscuity

A

both partners with multiple partners

144
Q

Psychodynamic Explanation of Crime

A

suggests that if the superego is formed improperly then the conscience and ability to modulate behaviour will be affected

145
Q

Psychotic Disorders

A

far more common amongst prisoners than in the general population

146
Q

Psychoticism

A

a measure of hostility, cruelty and lack of care about others, so do not feel empathy for others; high levels indicate vulnerability to mental illness

147
Q

Raine (1993)

A

in a meta-analysis of 13 studies, found an MZ concordance rate of 52% and a DZ concordance rate of 21%

148
Q

Raine et al (1997)

A

found reduced activity in the offender group in areas such as the prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum and the limbic system, including the amygdala and thalamus

149
Q

Rasch (1981)

A

found evidence of psychotic ideation in 50% of a sample of German prisoners

150
Q

Rehabilitation

A

the belief that prison should rehabilitate offenders so they leave prison better adjusted and can return to society

151
Q

Restorative Justice

A

where the offender and victim meet, has to be voluntary and active for all parties and seeks a positive outcome

152
Q

Retribution

A

society is punishing the criminal, and the punishment should be proportionate to the crime

153
Q

Richard Ramirez

A

found guilty of committing 13 murders, 5 attempted murders, 11 sexual assaults and 14 burglaries but his father was physically abusive to him and his siblings, his cousin was a murderer and rapist who taught him military skills he could use in murders and showed him footage of murders and rapes and his brother-in-law was a Peeing Tom

154
Q

Robert Napper

A

known as the Green Chain Rapist, murdered Rachel Nickell in 1992 and Samantha and Jazmine Bisset in 1993, but wasn’t caught until 2008 because he was so different to the offender profile, which instead pointed toward innocent Colin Stagg

155
Q

Robert Wrestler

A

developed the top down profile in order to solve the Green River Murderer

156
Q

Rosen (1980)

A

argues that Heinz Dilemma lacks validity because children have no way of assessing their moral reasoning on the situation from their own perspective as they have never faced a similar situation, so the situation has no consequences or realism to them

157
Q

Rossmo (1997)

A

refers to offender behaviour as having ‘hunting patterns’ and through examining the locations of crime scenes and their relation to each other in space, it can tell us more about where the criminal is located

158
Q

Scerbo and Raine (1993)

A

conducted a meta-analysis on 29 pieces of research into anti-social adults and children, finding in all cases, low levels of serotonin

159
Q

Self-Harm and Suicide

A

particularly high at the beginning of their incarceration

160
Q

Sherman and Strang (2007)

A

meta-analysis concluded there is no way restorative justice can cause more harm than the traditional justice system and it is at least as effective as the traditional system, for example, it is significantly more effective at lowering recidivism and PTSD in victims

161
Q

Speilberger (1988)

A

found a relationship between hostile attribution bias and aggression, suggesting that the individual misinterprets social situations or cues, which leads them to behave in a hostile or aggressive manner

162
Q

Thornton and Reid (1982)

A

suggests that criminals committing crime for financial gain show more immature reasoning than those committing violent crimes

163
Q

Three Mountains Task

A

a study Piaget did to study child development. He would show children a paper mâché mountain with some figures on one side and have them sit facing the figures whilst he sat on the other side. He then asked them what they could see and what he could see to see if they understood that he couldn’t see the same thing as him

164
Q

Tiihonen et al (2014)

A

revealed abnormalities in two genes associated with violent crime, the MOMA gene, which controls dopamine and serotonin, and the CHD13 gene, which has been linked to Substance Abuse Disorder and inattentive ADHD

165
Q

Token Economies

A

based on the behaviourist principles of behaviour modification and operant conditioning, where offenders are rewarded for obedience and punished for disobedience

166
Q

Top-Down Profile (US Version)

A

developed during an investigation into the Green River Murderer by Robert Wrestler of the Behavioural Science Unit of the FBI, developed using interviews with 36 convicted serial killers combined with information from the scene of crime, some of which went on for over 30 hours. This was then used to develop a classification system for serious crimes splitting criminals into organised and disorganised

167
Q

Stage 1 Data Assimilation

A

collect all available information

168
Q

Stage 2 Crime Classification

A

put the crime into a particular category based on data collected

169
Q

Stage 3 Crime Reconstruction

A

develop hypothesis about the behaviour of victim and develop modus operandi about offender

170
Q

Stage 4 Profile Generation

A

suggest offender’s physical appearance, demographic information and habits and personality

171
Q

Underdeveloped Superego

A

means ability to feel guilt is impaired, so the individual is dominated by id impulses and therefore performs criminal or sexual acts

172
Q

Wilson and Daly (1985)

A

make the argument that there is an evolutionary cause in crime because offending behaviour is invariably risky and risk-taking is an attractive equality for females, because taking risks in hunting expeditions increased likelihood of survival, which in term yielded greater rewards in terms of food for the woman and her family

173
Q

Zamble and Perporino (1988)

A

conducted a longitudinal study of prisoners and found that whilst anxiety and depression is high at the start of a sentence it decreases over time

Psychology A-Level (17 decks)

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