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schidophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

what is schizophrenia characterized by

A

break between the cognitive and the emotional sides of one’s personality

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2
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

blunted affect, apathy, lack of speech, antisocial behavior

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3
Q

what kind of secretion is there in positive schizophrenia symptoms

A

hypersecretion of dopamine

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4
Q

what kind of secretion is there in negative schizophrenia symptoms

A

hyposecretion of dopamine

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5
Q

schizophrenia is likely a result of what

A

developmental defects during fetal development

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6
Q

when does schizophrenia onset

A

young adults; earlier in males than females

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7
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A

several genes located on different chromosomes, birth defects and neonatal hypoxia

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8
Q

schizophrenia is an interplay btwn

A

genes, prenatal susceptibility, and environment

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9
Q

what is there an enlargement and widening in in schizophrenia

A

Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles; widening of frontal cortical fissures and sulci

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10
Q

what areas is there a reduction in size in in schizophrenia

A

thalamus and temporal lobe

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11
Q

what typpe of tissue is lost in schizophrenia

A

cortical tissue

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12
Q

Low levels of reelin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are in this disease

A

schizophrenia

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13
Q

NT alterations in schizophrenia

A

dopamine pathways, glutamate, and smaller neurons in hippocampus

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14
Q

in schizophrenia, there is an increased ventricular volume that is associated with what

A

reduction in cortical matter

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15
Q

previous schizophrenia subtypes

A

paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual

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16
Q

what are affective disorders aka

A

mood disorders

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17
Q

mood

A

sustained emotional state

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18
Q

affective states?

A

brief emotional feelings such as Euphoria, joy, surprise, fear, sadness

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19
Q

what is mania

A

euphoria

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20
Q

2 categories of mood disorders

A

unipolar and bipolar

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21
Q

major depression is aka

A

unipolar depression or clinical depression

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22
Q

mc mood disorder

A

unipolar

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23
Q

what is bipolar aka

A

manic depression

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24
Q

bipolar 1

A

depression with mania

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25
bipolar 2
depression with hypomania
26
are there more women or men at risk for depression
women
27
are mood disorders genetic
yes
28
what is the s allele associated with in major depression
two copies of the s allele are more likely to develop major depression and have suicidal thoughts.
29
are mood disorders embironmental
yes
30
what NT are there deficits in in depression
norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin,
31
what are there high concentrations of in mania
s allele
32
neurological dysregulation in mood disorders
HPA and HPT systems dysregulation, altered immune and inflammation from cortisol,
33
neuroanatomical abnormalities in mood disorders
decrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor subtype, Reduction in glial cell numbers in people with unipolar and bipolar disorders, and Decreased cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism
34
Unremitting feelings of sadness and despair Dysphoric mood Insomnia Loss of appetite and body weight Reduced interest in pleasurable activities and interpersonal relationships Suicidal thoughts
clinical manifestations of depression
35
mania?
Elevated levels of euphoria, self-esteem, and feelings of grandiosity with extreme levels of energy; Excessive, rapid, loud, and pressured speech
36
May show poor judgment in spending money, may become hypersexual, or may make poor business commitments
someone with mania
37
trmts of depression
Antidepressants Psychotherapy both
38
Three major classes of antidepressant medications?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
39
what do all Three major classes of antidepressant medications do?
increase monoamine neurotransmitter levels within the synapse
40
many ppl with anxiety also develop what
depression
41
panic disorder?
multiple disabling panic attacks characterized by intense autonomic arousal
42
Lightheadedness, racing heart, difficulty breathing, chest discomfort, generalized sweating, general weakness, trembling, abdominal distress, chills or hot flashes are symptoms of what
panic disorder
43
complication of PD?
agorophobia
44
agoraphobia?
phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available; can become homebound
45
risk for 1st degree relatives in panic disorder
20%
46
what can cause the phyical symptoms of panic disorder
panicogens
47
pathophysiology of PD
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor gene is on chromosome 11p Sensitive in detecting pH alterations in the amygdala. Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors are reduced.
48
most ppl with PD are treated with what
CBT and/or antidepressants (SSRI, TCA; BZ receptors if nonresponsive)
49
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Excessive and persistent worries; Motor disturbances, irritability, and fatigue
50
what neuroanatomical abnormalities are there in GAD
cingulate cortex and amygdala abnormalities
51
what HT abnormalities are there in GAD
NE, serotonin, and GABA-BZ receptor abnormalities
52
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
53
trmt for GAD
5-HT (serotonin) and NE reuptake inhibitors Behavioral therapy
54
PTSD
Exposure to terrifying, life-threatening trauma Intrusive flashbacks and nightmares
55
what neuroanatomical areas of the brain are affected in PTSD
Adults: Smaller hippocampus Pediatric: Generalized effect of trauma, reduction of total brain volume
56
what NT areas of the brain are affected in PTSD
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex have decrease in BZ receptors
57
trmt for PTSD?
CBT, SSRI
58
first line of trmt for PTSD?
SSRI
59
OCD
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or compulsions
60
obsessions?
preoccupation with contamination, doubting, religious or sexual themes, or the belief that a negative outcome will occur if a specific act is not performed
61
compulsions?
Involve physical and mental ritualized act
62
Washing, cleaning, checking, counting, organizing, hoarding, and repeating specific thoughts or prayers are all what
compulsions
63
where is there brain abnormalities in OCD
Basal ganglia–frontocortical circuitry abnormalities
64
NT abnormalities in OCD?
Lack of serotonin control over the dopamine system
65
trmt for OCD?
SSRI, CBT, neurosurgery, deep brain stimulation (if uncontrollable)
66
what do the do in the neurosurgery procedure in OCD trmt
disconnect basal ganglia from frontal cortex

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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