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Pathophysiology > schidophrenia > Flashcards

schidophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

what is schizophrenia characterized by

A

break between the cognitive and the emotional sides of one’s personality

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2
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

blunted affect, apathy, lack of speech, antisocial behavior

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3
Q

what kind of secretion is there in positive schizophrenia symptoms

A

hypersecretion of dopamine

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4
Q

what kind of secretion is there in negative schizophrenia symptoms

A

hyposecretion of dopamine

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5
Q

schizophrenia is likely a result of what

A

developmental defects during fetal development

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6
Q

when does schizophrenia onset

A

young adults; earlier in males than females

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7
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A

several genes located on different chromosomes, birth defects and neonatal hypoxia

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8
Q

schizophrenia is an interplay btwn

A

genes, prenatal susceptibility, and environment

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9
Q

what is there an enlargement and widening in in schizophrenia

A

Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles; widening of frontal cortical fissures and sulci

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10
Q

what areas is there a reduction in size in in schizophrenia

A

thalamus and temporal lobe

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11
Q

what typpe of tissue is lost in schizophrenia

A

cortical tissue

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12
Q

Low levels of reelin in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are in this disease

A

schizophrenia

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13
Q

NT alterations in schizophrenia

A

dopamine pathways, glutamate, and smaller neurons in hippocampus

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14
Q

in schizophrenia, there is an increased ventricular volume that is associated with what

A

reduction in cortical matter

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15
Q

previous schizophrenia subtypes

A

paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual

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16
Q

what are affective disorders aka

A

mood disorders

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17
Q

mood

A

sustained emotional state

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18
Q

affective states?

A

brief emotional feelings such as Euphoria, joy, surprise, fear, sadness

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19
Q

what is mania

A

euphoria

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20
Q

2 categories of mood disorders

A

unipolar and bipolar

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21
Q

major depression is aka

A

unipolar depression or clinical depression

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22
Q

mc mood disorder

A

unipolar

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23
Q

what is bipolar aka

A

manic depression

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24
Q

bipolar 1

A

depression with mania

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25
Q

bipolar 2

A

depression with hypomania

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26
Q

are there more women or men at risk for depression

A

women

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27
Q

are mood disorders genetic

A

yes

28
Q

what is the s allele associated with in major depression

A

two copies of the s allele are more likely to develop major depression and have suicidal thoughts.

29
Q

are mood disorders embironmental

A

yes

30
Q

what NT are there deficits in in depression

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin,

31
Q

what are there high concentrations of in mania

A

s allele

32
Q

neurological dysregulation in mood disorders

A

HPA and HPT systems dysregulation, altered immune and inflammation from cortisol,

33
Q

neuroanatomical abnormalities in mood disorders

A

decrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor subtype, Reduction in glial cell numbers in people with unipolar and bipolar disorders, and Decreased cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism

34
Q

Unremitting feelings of sadness and despair

Dysphoric mood

Insomnia

Loss of appetite and body weight

Reduced interest in pleasurable activities and interpersonal relationships

Suicidal thoughts

A

clinical manifestations of depression

35
Q

mania?

A

Elevated levels of euphoria, self-esteem, and feelings of grandiosity with extreme levels of energy; Excessive, rapid, loud, and pressured speech

36
Q

May show poor judgment in spending money, may become hypersexual, or may make poor business commitments

A

someone with mania

37
Q

trmts of depression

A

Antidepressants

Psychotherapy

both

38
Q

Three major classes of antidepressant medications?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

39
Q

what do all Three major classes of antidepressant medications do?

A

increase monoamine neurotransmitter levels within the synapse

40
Q

many ppl with anxiety also develop what

A

depression

41
Q

panic disorder?

A

multiple disabling panic attacks characterized by intense autonomic arousal

42
Q

Lightheadedness, racing heart, difficulty breathing, chest discomfort, generalized sweating, general weakness, trembling, abdominal distress, chills or hot flashes are symptoms of what

A

panic disorder

43
Q

complication of PD?

A

agorophobia

44
Q

agoraphobia?

A

phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available; can become homebound

45
Q

risk for 1st degree relatives in panic disorder

A

20%

46
Q

what can cause the phyical symptoms of panic disorder

A

panicogens

47
Q

pathophysiology of PD

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor gene is on chromosome 11p

Sensitive in detecting pH alterations in the amygdala.

Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors are reduced.

48
Q

most ppl with PD are treated with what

A

CBT and/or antidepressants (SSRI, TCA; BZ receptors if nonresponsive)

49
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive and persistent worries; Motor disturbances, irritability, and fatigue

50
Q

what neuroanatomical abnormalities are there in GAD

A

cingulate cortex and amygdala abnormalities

51
Q

what HT abnormalities are there in GAD

A

NE, serotonin, and GABA-BZ receptor abnormalities

52
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

53
Q

trmt for GAD

A

5-HT (serotonin) and NE reuptake inhibitors

Behavioral therapy

54
Q

PTSD

A

Exposure to terrifying, life-threatening trauma

Intrusive flashbacks and nightmares

55
Q

what neuroanatomical areas of the brain are affected in PTSD

A

Adults: Smaller hippocampus

Pediatric: Generalized effect of trauma, reduction of total brain volume

56
Q

what NT areas of the brain are affected in PTSD

A

Amygdala and prefrontal cortex have decrease in BZ receptors

57
Q

trmt for PTSD?

A

CBT, SSRI

58
Q

first line of trmt for PTSD?

A

SSRI

59
Q

OCD

A

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or compulsions

60
Q

obsessions?

A

preoccupation with contamination, doubting, religious or sexual themes, or the belief that a negative outcome will occur if a specific act is not performed

61
Q

compulsions?

A

Involve physical and mental ritualized act

62
Q

Washing, cleaning, checking, counting, organizing, hoarding, and repeating specific thoughts or prayers are all what

A

compulsions

63
Q

where is there brain abnormalities in OCD

A

Basal ganglia–frontocortical circuitry abnormalities

64
Q

NT abnormalities in OCD?

A

Lack of serotonin control over the dopamine system

65
Q

trmt for OCD?

A

SSRI, CBT, neurosurgery, deep brain stimulation (if uncontrollable)

66
Q

what do the do in the neurosurgery procedure in OCD trmt

A

disconnect basal ganglia from frontal cortex

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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