Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > cardio part 2 > Flashcards

cardio part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_____&______ mean “no rhythm” and “abnormal rhythm, but ____ is used more often

A

arrhythmia and dysrhythmia; arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

an EKG looks at this

A

the electrical activity of the heart; does not actually mean the heart is beating, but that it’s getting a signal to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens in the ST segment

A

ventricles repolarize part 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens in the T wave

A

ventricles repolarize part 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are arrhythmias?

A

dysfunction in the condiction system of the heart that can lead to cardiac ischemia, effect perfusion, and lead to cardiac death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are arrhythmias caused by

A

ischemia, lytes, pH, HTN, thyroid dysfunction, drugs, anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are ventricular arrhythmias or atrial more serious

A

ventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is sinus rhythm?

A

regular spacing; p wave before each ventricular beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is premature atrial

A

extra beat inserted into background rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the requirements of the heart with delivering blood?

A

deliver the right amount of blood (minute volume/CO), at the right pressure, and with enough O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

minute volume is AKA

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to diastole as HR increases

A

it shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

faster HR leads to what

A

decreased cardiac perfusion and less time for the heart muscle itself to get its own nourishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to stroke volume as HR decreases

A

stays constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can very slow heart rates lead to

A

cardiac ischemia, dizziness, loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to CO as HR increases

A

CO increases to a point then decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ventricular fibrillation?

A

disorganized heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are interventricular conduction delays

A

when the 2 ventricles do not beat at the same time causing the septum to move and affect SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are interventricular conduction delays AKA

A

bundle branch block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

treatable causes of arrhythmias

A

hypoxia, hypovolemia, H ions, hyper/hypokalemia, hypothermia

toxins, tamponade, tension pneumothorax, thrombosis, pulmonary, thrombosis, coronary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is pericardial fluid located

A

btwn parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, and restrictive pericarditis area all these types of diseases

A

pericardial diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

acute pericarditis?

A

aseptic inflammation of pericardium that causes fever, myalgias, malaise, and severe chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in this disease, pain is worse when lying down and better when leaning forward

A

acute pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

dx of acute pericarditis?

A

EKG with PR segment depression and ST elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

trmt for acute pericarditis?

A

rest, drugs (NSAIDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how much fluid must be in the pericardial sac for it to be labeled as pericardial effusion

A

over 50 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

possible causes of pericardial effusion

A

viral, bacterial, TB, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, kidney failure, trauma, heart surgery, transudate from other organs close by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pericardial effusion can lead to what

A

pericardial tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cardiac tamponade?

A

accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac that increases diastole and decreases systole and reduces CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is becks triad for pericardial tamponade

A

hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and distended neck veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

initial trmt of pericardial effusion

A

pericardiocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

recurrent trmt for pericardial effusion

A

surgery; pericardial window or pericardial stripping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

bc systole dec and diastole inc in pericardial tamonade, what happens to pulse pressure

A

it decreases pulse pressure so the difference btwn diastolic and systolic pressure are less than 25 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

late sign of pericardial tamponade

A

pulsus paradoxus; drop in SBP on inspiration and pulses that come and go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

constrictive/restrictive pericarditis?

A

fibrous scarring and calcification causing the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium to stick together so the heart cannot stretch well (dec sv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

sx of constrictive/restrictive pericarditis?

A

exercise intolerance, dyspnea with exertion, fatigue, and anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is cardiomyopathy (CMP)? what is it measured by

A

weakened heart measured by EF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the ejection fraction?

A

fraction of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole and gets pumped out during systole; normally 55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when should one be concerned about EF

A

when its below 35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is ischemic CMP from

A

prior MI or ongoing cardiac ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

trmt for ischemic CMP

A

correct underlying causes of ischemia with stent, bypass, etc, or manage with meds like beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what do beta blockers do

A

lengthen diastole, dec afterload, dec hr,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cmp can either be…

A

ischemic or nonischemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

3 types of nonischemic cmp

A

dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

A

inherited heart defect with a thick septum and ventricular wall where the septum moves left with dehydration and reduces LV inflow and output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

sx of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

A

angina, syncope, palpitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

trmt for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

A

avoid dehydration, beta blockers, defibb, surgery, ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

who is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy common in

A

young athletes

50
Q

2 types of hypertrophic CMP

A

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

51
Q

is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) symmectrical or assymetrical

A

assymetrical

52
Q

what is hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

symmetrical hypertrophy of myocytes from HTN that lead to stiffening of the myocardium and valvular dysfunction

53
Q

because the myocardium stiffens in hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, what else happens

A

diastole is impaired and EF is decreased

54
Q

what is dilated CMP?

A

when all 4 cardiac chambers stretch and thin

55
Q

MC CMP?

A

dilated CMP

56
Q

least common type of CMP?

A

restrictive CMP

57
Q

what is takotsubo CMP

A

broken heart syndrome; dilated CMP from sudden illness, loss of a loved one, serious accident, or natural disaster

58
Q

this type of CM often results from a systemic condition

A

restrictive cmp

59
Q

what is restrictive cmp

A

myocardium in walls of ventricles becomes stiff and cannot stretch

60
Q

pathognomonic for restrictive cmp

A

cant increases diastole even with increased diastolic filling pressures with fluids

61
Q

mcc of restrictive cmp

A

idiopathic scar tissue

62
Q

causes of restrictive cmp

A

idiopathic scar tissue, amyloidosis, chemo/radiation, hemochromatosis (excessive iron), sarcoidosis

63
Q

hemochromatosis?

A

excessive iron

64
Q

stenosis?

A

valve orifice is constricted and narrow so it doesnt open all the way

65
Q

regurgitation/”insufficiency”/”incompetency”

A

valve doesnt close completely so not as much blood flows out and the chamber size increases

66
Q

murmurs may indicate this in a valve

A

regurgitation or stenosis

67
Q

what valves are commonly stenotic

A

aortic and mitral

68
Q

what valves are commonly regurgitation

A

aortic, tricuspid, and mitral

69
Q

extra blood entering a chamber stimulates chamber _______

A

dilation

70
Q

pumping against a stenotic valve stimulates chamber____

A

hypertrophy

71
Q

tell me about a mechanical valve

A

has a long life, but needs long term anticoagulation therapy (blood thinners)

72
Q

tell me about a bioprosthetic valve

A

only lasts about 20 yrs but no anticoagulation is needed

73
Q

aortic stenosis?

A

orifice into aorta narrows and causes dec blood flow into the aorta

74
Q

sx of aortic stenosis?

A

angina, syncope, heart failure

75
Q

trmt for aortic stenosis?

A

medical management but then possibly transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

76
Q

mitral valve stenosis?

A

impaired flow from left atrium to left ventricle most commonly from rheumatic fever which is a complication of strep throat

77
Q

dx of mitral valve stenosis?

A

late diastolic murmur

78
Q

aortic regurgitation?

A

valve leaflets do not close properly during diastole

79
Q

manifestations of aortic regurgitation?

A

pulse pressure widened from inc SV followed by diastolic backflow and a diastolic murmer

80
Q

effects of AR

A

inc SBP to maintain MAP, LV hypertrophy, inc diastolic filling pressure from regurgitation, atrial enlargement from inc filling pressure

81
Q

mitral valve regurgitation?

A

blood goes back into the left atrium during systole and causes fluid in the lungs

82
Q

MCC of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic heart disease

83
Q

clinical sx of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

systolic murmur, enlarges left atrium, dec prefusion, CHF

84
Q

mitral valve prolapse?

A

MV cusps go back into the left atrium during systole; mitral regurgitation may occur too

85
Q

MC valvular abnormality

A

mitral valve prolapse

86
Q

sx of mitral valve prolapse?

A

asymptomatic or occasional chest pain

87
Q

what happens in tricupsid regurgitation

A

too much blood builds up in the right heart and increases systemic venous BP which can lead to right heart failure and edema

88
Q

rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, and complications of AIDS are all these types of diseases

A

infective

89
Q

what is rheumatic fever (RF)

A

a delayed immune response to an infection caused by group A beta hemolytic strep that causes inflammation in joints, skin, NS, and heart

90
Q

rheumatic ______ can cause rheumatic ________

A

fever, heart disease

91
Q

clinical sx of RF

A

murmur, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum truncal rash

92
Q

chorea?

A

irregular involuntary mvmts

93
Q

tx for RF

A

antibiotics for 10 days, NSAIDS, prophylactic antibiotics for 5 yrs after

94
Q

infective endocarditis?

A

inflammation of endocardium from infectious organisms such as bacteria, spreptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci

95
Q

how does one get infective endocarditis?

A

endocardium is damaged and a bloodborne microorganism attaches. this can then break off and become mycotic emboli and go somewhere else

96
Q

MCC infective endocarditis?

A

IV

97
Q

MC valve involved in infective endocarditis?

A

tricuspid

98
Q

clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis?

A

fever, murmur, petechial lesions, osler nodes and janeway lesions

99
Q

osler nodes?

A

erythematous nodes on finger and toe pads

100
Q

janeway lesions?

A

hemorrhagic lesions on palms and soles that are NOT painful

101
Q

trmt for infective endocarditis?

A

IV then oral antimicrobial antibiotics drugs for any CHF, possibly surgery to replace valve

102
Q

what must be done after IV abx therapy in infective endocarditis?

A

transesophageal echo to make sure there’s no vegetation on valve

103
Q

complications of AIDS?

A

pericardial effusion (MC), myocarditis, endocarditis, cardiomyopathy

104
Q

does every pt have sx in CHF

A

no

105
Q

RHF?

A

when the body can’t provide pulmonary circulation which causes dec contractility and inc RV afterload

106
Q

sx of RHF?

A

JVD, peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly

107
Q

LHF?

A

when the heart cant supply blood to the tissues of the body at the correct volume or pressure

108
Q

2 types of LHF?

A

inadequate CO and perfusion and reduced preload from stiff ventricles

109
Q

inadequate CO/perfusion in LHF is AKA

A

CMP, systolic HF, HF with reduced EF (HFrEF)

110
Q

reduced preload due to a stiff ventricle in LHF is AKA

A

diastolic dysfunction, diastolic HF, and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF)

111
Q

can you have both types of LHF at the same time?

A

yes

112
Q

what affects stroke volume?

A

contractility/EF, afterload, preload

113
Q

frank starling law says…

A

EF increases up to a certain point with increased preload, but then decreases

114
Q

HF trmts

A

give O2, inc EF, manage fluid and Na intake, meds, physical rehab

115
Q

what is high output heart failure

A

when the body cant supply enough O2 to the tissues as demand increased even though there is enough volume and contractility

116
Q

MCC of high output heart failure

A

anemia

117
Q

what causes high output heart failure

A

anemia, septicemia, hyperthyroidism, beriberi

118
Q

beriberi?

A

dec vitamin B1 which leads to inc HR

119
Q

clinical manifestations of LHF

A

dyspnea, orthopnea, cough with frothy sputum

120
Q

LHF edema is where?

A

lungs

121
Q

decompensated heart failure is… (symptomatic or asymptomatic)

A

symptomatic

122
Q

compensated heart failure sx relieved through …

A

changed behavior or meds

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions