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Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 3 lines of defenses

A

Natural barriers like skin and mucous membranes, innate (inflammation), adaptive (acquired)

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2
Q

What does innate resistance consist of

A

Natural barriers and the inflammatory response

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3
Q

What does the first line of defense consist of

A

Skin, G.I., GU, and respiratory tracts (mucous membranes)

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4
Q

What do bio chemical barriers do

A

Synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy microorganisms

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5
Q

What do normal microbiota do

A

Inhibit colonization by pathogens and release chemicals that prevent infection

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6
Q

What causes the inflammatory response

A

Infection, mechanical damage,ischemia, nutrient deprivation, extreme temperatures, radiation

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7
Q

What type of immunity is non-specific? What does this mean?

A

Innate. It takes place The same way regardless of the type of stimulus

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8
Q

What type of immunity is rapidly initiated

A

Innate

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9
Q

Are there memory cells in the inflammatory response

A

No

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10
Q

What is the vascular response

A

Blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, WBC adherence to inner walls of vessels, and migration through the vessels (diapedesis)

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11
Q

Goals of information

A

Control the inflammatory response, prevent infection and further damage, control bleeding, interact with adaptive immune system, prepare the area for healing

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12
Q

What does kinin do

A

Stops clogging from going too far

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13
Q

What are the three protein systems that provide a bio chemical barrier against pathogens

A

Complement system, clotting system, Kinin system

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14
Q

What do all plasma protein pathways contain

A

Inactive enzymes (proenzymes)

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15
Q

What does the complement system do

A

Destroys pathogens directly through MAC

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16
Q

What are the three pathways in the complement system

A

Classical, lectin, alternative

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17
Q

Functions of the complement system

A

Anaphylatoxic activity resulting In mast cell degranulation, WBC chemo taxis, optimization, cell lysis

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18
Q

What is opsonization

A

Antibody binds to pathogen which makes phagocytosis easier

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19
Q

Where do all three pathways of the complement system converge

A

C3

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20
Q

What are the chemotactic factors and anaphylatoxins in the complement system

A

C3a and C5a

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21
Q

What does C5b do

A

Initiates MAC

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22
Q

What is C3b?

A

Opsonin

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23
Q

What does the clotting/coagulation system do

A

Forms a fibrinous mesh at the injured or inflamed site

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24
Q

What is the main substance in the clotting system

A

Fibrin which is an insoluble protein

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25
What is the extrinsic pathway activated by
Tissue factor Outside vascular space
26
What is the intrinsic pathway activated by
In the vascular space when the blood vessel why was damaged by factor 12
27
What is the primary kinin in the kinin system
Bradykinin
28
What do kininases do
Degrade kinins
29
What is the function of the kinin system
Activate and assist inflammatory cells
30
What does bradykinin cause
Dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, permeability, WBC chemotaxis
31
What does carboxypeptidase do
Inhibit C3a and C5a
32
What does histaminase do
Inhibit histamine
33
What does arylsulfate do
Inhibits histamine
34
What does C1 esterase inhibitor do
Inhibit complement
35
What are the bio chemical mediators responsible for
Vascular changes
36
Name the bio chemical mediators
Histamine, chemotactic factors, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, And the PAF
37
What cells are the most important activators of inflammation
Mast cells
38
What are the three pattern recognition receptors
TLR (toll like receptors), complement receptors, scavenger receptors
39
What do toll like receptors recognize
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
40
What do complement receptors recognize
Complement fragments
41
What do scavenger receptors promote
Phagocytosis of cellular debris
42
When is the inflammatory response initiated
Tissue injury occurs or when PAMPS are recognized by PRR on cells of the innate and even system
43
What do chemokines/cytokines do
Regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting neighboring cells
44
What does it mean when chemokines/cytokines are pleiotrophic
The same molecule may have a large variety of different biological activities
45
What do chemokines/cytokines include
Interleukins, interferons, TNF
46
What are interleukins produced by
Macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a micro organism or other products of inflammation
47
What do interleukins help regulate
Information
48
What do interferons protect against
Viral infections
49
What are interferons produced and released by
Virally infected host cells
50
Do interferons kill viruses
No they just prevent them from infecting other healthy cells
51
What are the 3 types of interferons
INF alpha beta and gamma
52
What do INF alpha and beta do
Induce the production of antiviral proteins and neutralize viruses
53
What does INF gamma do
Increase microbiocidal activity of macrophages
54
What is TNF alpha secreted by and when
Macrophages in response to PAMP by TLR recognition
55
What are the local and systemic effects of TNF alpha
Induced fever, increase pro inflammatory proteins, cachexia and intravascular thrombosis, fatalities from shock caused by gram negative bacteria
56
What is cachexia
Muscle wasting
57
What do chemokines do
Induce WBC chemo taxis
58
What are chemokines made by
Macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells during inflammatory response
59
How many different chemokines are there
40
60
What are mast cells?
Cellular bags of granules in loose CT close to blood vessels
61
How are mast cell chemicals released
Degranulation (immediate) and synthesis of lipid derived chemical mediators (delayed)
62
What does the release of histamine cause
Temporary and rapid construction of the large BV and dilation of the postcapillary venules
63
What type of inflammatory response is H1?
Prounflammatory
64
What type of inflammatory response is H2?
Anti inflammatory
65
where is the H1 receptor located and what does it do
In smooth muscle cells of the bronchi. Induces bronchoconstriction
66
where is the H2 receptor located and what does it do
Present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa. Induces secretion of gastric acid
67
What does neutrophil chemotactic factor do
Attracts neutrophils
68
What does eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF A) do?
Attracts eosinophils
69
What are leukotrienes
Product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes that have similar effects to histamine
70
What do prostaglandins (PG) induce
Pain
71
When NSAIDs reduce pain what do they interfere with
PG
72
What do endothelial cells produce
Nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PG12)
73
what do PG12 and NO do
Maintain blood flow and pressure in inhibit platelet activation. NO also maintains vascular tone
74
What are platelets/thrombocytes
Cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes
75
What does activation of platelets lead to
Stoppage of bleeding and degranulation
76
What are the two major functions of monocytes and macrophages
Engulf antigens/degrade microbes and present it to T cells
77
What are dendritic cells
Phagocytic cells that phagocytize microbes and present peptide antigens to lymphocytes
78
What links the innate response to the adaptive immune response
Dendritic cells
79
What cells are the antigen presenting cells or professional antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells
80
What are cytokines
Proteins that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions
81
What are chemokines
Cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement ans regulate migration of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues
82
What three things do all components of the innate immune system do
Phagocytosis/killing of microbes, antigen presentation, cytokine production
83
What do B cells recognize
Soluble intact macromolecules and small chemicals; antibodies
84
What do you T cells recognize
Processed antigen fragments presented by MHC on the surface of APCs
85
What are the three stages of the immune response in adaptive immunity
1. Lymphocytes Encounter and recognize antigens 2. Lymphocyte activation 3. Attacked by lymphocytes and their secretions
86
What are lymphocyte receptors
Antibodies
87
What is an antibody shaped like
Y
88
What is the constant end of an antibody
Region that is the same on all antibodies of the same class
89
What is the variable end of an antibody
Portion that varies from antibody to antibody even within a class
90
How many antigen binding sites are on one antibody
Two
91
What are the five classes of antibodies
ADMGE
92
What is IgG
Majority of Ab in circulation that can cross the placenta
93
What is IgM
Expressed on the surface of naive B cells
94
What is IgE
Important for allergic reactions and parasitic infections
95
What is IgD
Expressed on the surface of Naive B cells but less common than IgM
96
What is IgA
Found a new coastal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and in mucosal secretions
97
What are the five functions of antibodies
Neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, and enhance NK cell activity

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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