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Pathophysiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first 3 lines of defenses

A

Natural barriers like skin and mucous membranes, innate (inflammation), adaptive (acquired)

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2
Q

What does innate resistance consist of

A

Natural barriers and the inflammatory response

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3
Q

What does the first line of defense consist of

A

Skin, G.I., GU, and respiratory tracts (mucous membranes)

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4
Q

What do bio chemical barriers do

A

Synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy microorganisms

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5
Q

What do normal microbiota do

A

Inhibit colonization by pathogens and release chemicals that prevent infection

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6
Q

What causes the inflammatory response

A

Infection, mechanical damage,ischemia, nutrient deprivation, extreme temperatures, radiation

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7
Q

What type of immunity is non-specific? What does this mean?

A

Innate. It takes place The same way regardless of the type of stimulus

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8
Q

What type of immunity is rapidly initiated

A

Innate

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9
Q

Are there memory cells in the inflammatory response

A

No

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10
Q

What is the vascular response

A

Blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, WBC adherence to inner walls of vessels, and migration through the vessels (diapedesis)

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11
Q

Goals of information

A

Control the inflammatory response, prevent infection and further damage, control bleeding, interact with adaptive immune system, prepare the area for healing

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12
Q

What does kinin do

A

Stops clogging from going too far

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13
Q

What are the three protein systems that provide a bio chemical barrier against pathogens

A

Complement system, clotting system, Kinin system

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14
Q

What do all plasma protein pathways contain

A

Inactive enzymes (proenzymes)

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15
Q

What does the complement system do

A

Destroys pathogens directly through MAC

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16
Q

What are the three pathways in the complement system

A

Classical, lectin, alternative

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17
Q

Functions of the complement system

A

Anaphylatoxic activity resulting In mast cell degranulation, WBC chemo taxis, optimization, cell lysis

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18
Q

What is opsonization

A

Antibody binds to pathogen which makes phagocytosis easier

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19
Q

Where do all three pathways of the complement system converge

A

C3

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20
Q

What are the chemotactic factors and anaphylatoxins in the complement system

A

C3a and C5a

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21
Q

What does C5b do

A

Initiates MAC

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22
Q

What is C3b?

A

Opsonin

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23
Q

What does the clotting/coagulation system do

A

Forms a fibrinous mesh at the injured or inflamed site

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24
Q

What is the main substance in the clotting system

A

Fibrin which is an insoluble protein

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25
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway activated by

A

Tissue factor Outside vascular space

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26
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway activated by

A

In the vascular space when the blood vessel why was damaged by factor 12

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27
Q

What is the primary kinin in the kinin system

A

Bradykinin

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28
Q

What do kininases do

A

Degrade kinins

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29
Q

What is the function of the kinin system

A

Activate and assist inflammatory cells

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30
Q

What does bradykinin cause

A

Dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, permeability, WBC chemotaxis

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31
Q

What does carboxypeptidase do

A

Inhibit C3a and C5a

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32
Q

What does histaminase do

A

Inhibit histamine

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33
Q

What does arylsulfate do

A

Inhibits histamine

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34
Q

What does C1 esterase inhibitor do

A

Inhibit complement

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35
Q

What are the bio chemical mediators responsible for

A

Vascular changes

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36
Q

Name the bio chemical mediators

A

Histamine, chemotactic factors, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, And the PAF

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37
Q

What cells are the most important activators of inflammation

A

Mast cells

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38
Q

What are the three pattern recognition receptors

A

TLR (toll like receptors), complement receptors, scavenger receptors

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39
Q

What do toll like receptors recognize

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

40
Q

What do complement receptors recognize

A

Complement fragments

41
Q

What do scavenger receptors promote

A

Phagocytosis of cellular debris

42
Q

When is the inflammatory response initiated

A

Tissue injury occurs or when PAMPS are recognized by PRR on cells of the innate and even system

43
Q

What do chemokines/cytokines do

A

Regulate innate or adaptive resistance by affecting neighboring cells

44
Q

What does it mean when chemokines/cytokines are pleiotrophic

A

The same molecule may have a large variety of different biological activities

45
Q

What do chemokines/cytokines include

A

Interleukins, interferons, TNF

46
Q

What are interleukins produced by

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a micro organism or other products of inflammation

47
Q

What do interleukins help regulate

A

Information

48
Q

What do interferons protect against

A

Viral infections

49
Q

What are interferons produced and released by

A

Virally infected host cells

50
Q

Do interferons kill viruses

A

No they just prevent them from infecting other healthy cells

51
Q

What are the 3 types of interferons

A

INF alpha beta and gamma

52
Q

What do INF alpha and beta do

A

Induce the production of antiviral proteins and neutralize viruses

53
Q

What does INF gamma do

A

Increase microbiocidal activity of macrophages

54
Q

What is TNF alpha secreted by and when

A

Macrophages in response to PAMP by TLR recognition

55
Q

What are the local and systemic effects of TNF alpha

A

Induced fever, increase pro inflammatory proteins, cachexia and intravascular thrombosis, fatalities from shock caused by gram negative bacteria

56
Q

What is cachexia

A

Muscle wasting

57
Q

What do chemokines do

A

Induce WBC chemo taxis

58
Q

What are chemokines made by

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells during inflammatory response

59
Q

How many different chemokines are there

A

40

60
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cellular bags of granules in loose CT close to blood vessels

61
Q

How are mast cell chemicals released

A

Degranulation (immediate) and synthesis of lipid derived chemical mediators (delayed)

62
Q

What does the release of histamine cause

A

Temporary and rapid construction of the large BV and dilation of the postcapillary venules

63
Q

What type of inflammatory response is H1?

A

Prounflammatory

64
Q

What type of inflammatory response is H2?

A

Anti inflammatory

65
Q

where is the H1 receptor located and what does it do

A

In smooth muscle cells of the bronchi. Induces bronchoconstriction

66
Q

where is the H2 receptor located and what does it do

A

Present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa. Induces secretion of gastric acid

67
Q

What does neutrophil chemotactic factor do

A

Attracts neutrophils

68
Q

What does eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF A) do?

A

Attracts eosinophils

69
Q

What are leukotrienes

A

Product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes that have similar effects to histamine

70
Q

What do prostaglandins (PG) induce

A

Pain

71
Q

When NSAIDs reduce pain what do they interfere with

A

PG

72
Q

What do endothelial cells produce

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PG12)

73
Q

what do PG12 and NO do

A

Maintain blood flow and pressure in inhibit platelet activation. NO also maintains vascular tone

74
Q

What are platelets/thrombocytes

A

Cellular fragments formed from megakaryocytes

75
Q

What does activation of platelets lead to

A

Stoppage of bleeding and degranulation

76
Q

What are the two major functions of monocytes and macrophages

A

Engulf antigens/degrade microbes and present it to T cells

77
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Phagocytic cells that phagocytize microbes and present peptide antigens to lymphocytes

78
Q

What links the innate response to the adaptive immune response

A

Dendritic cells

79
Q

What cells are the antigen presenting cells or professional antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells

80
Q

What are cytokines

A

Proteins that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions

81
Q

What are chemokines

A

Cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement ans regulate migration of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues

82
Q

What three things do all components of the innate immune system do

A

Phagocytosis/killing of microbes, antigen presentation, cytokine production

83
Q

What do B cells recognize

A

Soluble intact macromolecules and small chemicals; antibodies

84
Q

What do you T cells recognize

A

Processed antigen fragments presented by MHC on the surface of APCs

85
Q

What are the three stages of the immune response in adaptive immunity

A
  1. Lymphocytes Encounter and recognize antigens
  2. Lymphocyte activation
  3. Attacked by lymphocytes and their secretions
86
Q

What are lymphocyte receptors

A

Antibodies

87
Q

What is an antibody shaped like

A

Y

88
Q

What is the constant end of an antibody

A

Region that is the same on all antibodies of the same class

89
Q

What is the variable end of an antibody

A

Portion that varies from antibody to antibody even within a class

90
Q

How many antigen binding sites are on one antibody

A

Two

91
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies

A

ADMGE

92
Q

What is IgG

A

Majority of Ab in circulation that can cross the placenta

93
Q

What is IgM

A

Expressed on the surface of naive B cells

94
Q

What is IgE

A

Important for allergic reactions and parasitic infections

95
Q

What is IgD

A

Expressed on the surface of Naive B cells but less common than IgM

96
Q

What is IgA

A

Found a new coastal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and in mucosal secretions

97
Q

What are the five functions of antibodies

A

Neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, and enhance NK cell activity

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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