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lungs Flashcards

1
Q

toxic gases, organic dusts, inorganic dusts

A

pulmonary fibrosis

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2
Q

rheumatologic diseaase

A

pulmonary fibrosis

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3
Q

chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, mylofibroblast proliferation

A

pulmonary fibrosis

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4
Q

MC idiopathic lung disorder, men over 60, survive 2-4yrs

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

PE diffuse inspiratory crackles

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema, vial pneumonia

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6
Q

damage airway epithelium, cilia, alveoli

A

toxic gases

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7
Q

burning of eyes, nose, throat

A

toxic gases

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8
Q

inhaled inorganic dust particles

A

pneumoniciosis

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9
Q

MC silicosis, asbestosis, coal worker/black lung

A

Pneumoconiosis

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10
Q

Pneumoconiosis cough

A

productive

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11
Q

proinflammatory cytokines released, inflammation, scarring of alveolocapillary membrane, and pulmonary fibrosis

A

Pneumoconiosis

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12
Q

organic dust particles

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis/ extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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13
Q

type 3 hypersens, IgG, granuloma

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis/ extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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14
Q

Granulomatous disorders
CT disorders
Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

Systemic disorders affecting airways, lungs, and lung parenchyma

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15
Q

Excess water in the lungs from capillary hydrostatic pressure (from heart failure), oncotic pressure, and permeability (from injury) so pts have dyspnea, orthopnea, hypoxemia, and inc work of breathing

A

Pulmonary edema

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16
Q

MCC is left sided heart disease

A

Pulmonary edema

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17
Q

PE- inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion at lung bases, and ventricular dilation (S3 gallop)

A

Pulmonary edema

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18
Q

MC predisposing factors- genetics, sepsis, and multiple traumas

A

Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

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19
Q

exudative phase, proliferative phase, then fibrotic phase

A

Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

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20
Q

predisposing factors: heart disease, ARDS, inhalation of toxic gases

A

pulmonary edema

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21
Q

rare but life threatening complication that can occur after relief of upper airway obstruction

A

postobstructive pulmonary edema; neg press pulmonary edema

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22
Q

dyspnea, wheezing, low VQ, dec FEV1

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease

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23
Q

Mucous plug

A

asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD

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24
Q

IRREVERSIBLE if left untreated

A

asthma

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25
bronchospasm is not reversible by usual trmt
Status asthmaticus-
26
3rd leading cause of death in the US
COPD
27
6th leading cause of death in the world
COPD
28
Risk factors: tobacco, dust and chemicals, indoor air pollution, anything that affects lung growth during gestation and childhood
COPD
29
Mucous plugs narrow airways so air trapping and hyperinflation occur
copd
30
chronic bronchitis type of cough
productive
31
polycythemia
chronic bronchitis
32
Gas exchange airways are permanently enlarged and alveolar walls are destroyed WITHOUT fibrosis so we lose elastic recoil
Emphysema
33
Barrel chest & pts lean forward to increase lung capacity
emphysema
34
MCC smoking emphysema
sec
35
centriacinar, panacinar
emphysema
36
Elastin breakdown, imbalance of protease and antiprotease, oxidative stress, apoptosis of lungs structural cells
emphysema
37
MCC short term disability in the US
Respiratory tract infections
38
6th leading cause of death in the US
pneumonia
39
Different microorganisms causes this pneumonia
CAP
40
Seasonal, mild, self limiting infection of LRT
Viral pneumonia
41
Viral pneumonia type of cough
productive
42
PE= crackles, inc tactile fremitus (vibratory tremors on chest palpation), egophony (inc voice resonance on auscultation)
Viral pneumonia
43
Virus destroys epithelial cells, invades goblet cells, destroys bronchial epithelium, prevents mucous from being cleared, bronchial walls become red and WBC come in
Viral pneumonia
44
Leading cause of death worldwide from a curable infectious disease
tb
45
night sweats
tb
46
caseous necrosis
tb
47
Must use at least 4 drugs for 18 months; check at 6 months to see if it’s working
tb
48
MCC aspiration
Abscess and cavitation
49
Abscess and cavitation cough type
productive
50
chronic PRODUCTIVE cough with foul smelling and purulent sputum
Bronchiectasis, Abscess and cavitation
51
Acute infection or inflammation of airways/bronchi usually after a viral illness
Acute bronchitis
52
Acute bronchitis cough type
nonproductive
53
Has similar sx to pneumonia, but no pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates… chest x ray is normal
Acute bronchitis
54
Virchow's triad: venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoagulability
pe
55
high vq
pe
56
Workload of right ventricle is increased so right ventricular hypertrophy occurs
PAH
57
First induction: chest radiography shows enlarged pulmonary arteries on R heart border or R ventricular hypertrophy on ECG
PAH
58
Hoarseness
Laryngeal cancer
59
2-3% of all cancers in the US
Laryngeal cancer
60
MCC of cancer death in the US
Lung cancer/bronchogenic carcinomas
61
MCC of cancer death in the US
Lung cancer/bronchogenic carcinomas
62
85% of all lung cancers
Non small cell lung cancer
63
Squamous cell carcinoma
nonproductive cough or hemoptysis
64
Adenocarcinomas-
tumors from glands; asymptomatic OR pleuritic chest pain and SOB
65
Non small cell lung cancer types
squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell
66
chemo and radiation are not helpful so palliative care is best option
Large cell carcinomas/ undifferentiated
67
MC and WORST prognosis cancer
Small cell carcinoma/Oat cell carcinoma
68
1st manifestation: paraneoplastic syndrome- t cells attack body’s own CNS
Small cell carcinoma/Oat cell carcinoma
69
Rare and are NOT related to smoking
Bronchial carcinoid tumors
70
Asymptomatic; we can cure these if they have not spread
Bronchial carcinoid tumors
71
Associated with asbestos | May take 20-40 years to appear
Mesothelialomas
72
TNM classification system of CA
T: extent of primary tumor N: nodal involvement M: extent of metastasis
73
MC pain caused by pulm disease
pleural pain
74
chest wall pain-
from costochondritis- inflammation of costochondral junction; reproducable
75
hypercapnia due to _______ ventilation of alveoli
hypo
76
easily overlooked as normal breathing and ventilation may appear normal
hypercapnia
77
how can we inc hypoventilatio of alveoli
inc rate and depth of breathing
78
MCC hypoxemia
vq mismatch
79
normal vq
0.8-0.9
80
would we die 1st from hypoxemia or hypercapnia
hypoxemia
81
MV=
TV*RR
82
maintain arterial CO2 at
40 mmHg
83
MC post op problems: atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, PE
acute resp failure
84
MCC of hospital admission from hypercapnia and hypoventilation
Respiratory difficulty
85
hypo or hypoerventilaion in flail chest
hypo
86
PE= No or decreased breath sounds and hyperresonance to percussion on affected side
tension pneumothorax
87
PE= decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion
empyema
88
Caused by Staph aureus, E. coli, Anaerobic bacteria, Klebsiella pneumonia (think SEAK) so we want to treat with antimicrobial meds
empyema
89
PEEP
aspiration
90
fever and leukovytosis, sydpnea, cough
atelectasis
91
deep breathing
atelectasis
92
high resolution CT
Bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulm fibrisos
93
MC in children, but can also occur in adults with chronic bronchitis or viral infection from inhaling toxic gases
bronchiolitis
94
bronchiolitis cough
nonproductive
95
MC after lung transplant
Bronchiolitis obliterans
96
dec perfusion at the alveolocapillary membrane
pulm fibrosis
97
Injury to pulmonary capillary endothelium, inc capillary permeability, inflammation, surfactant inactivation, edema, atelectasis
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
98
prolonged exposure to high conc of supplpemental O2
oxygen toxicity
99
reduce inspired O2 conc to less than 60 %
oxygen toxicity
100
life threatening complication that can oocur after relief of upper airway obstruction
POPE postobstructive pulm edema; negative pressure pulm edema
101
Acute lung inflammation and alveolocapillary injury
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
102
poor resp with O2 supplementaion
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
103
resp alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, resp acidosis
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
104
early detection is key
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
105
MC: asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD
Obstructive pulmonary disease

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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