Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > pain and temp regulation > Flashcards

pain and temp regulation Flashcards

1
Q

pain?

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

specificity theory of pain?

A

amt of pain is related to the amount of tissue injury; does NOT explain psychologic contributions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gate control theory?

A

explains complexities of pain phenomenon; says why some patients may experience pain without tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name some excitatory NT

A

glutamate and aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name some inhibitory NT

A

serotonin, GABA, endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is direct excitation

A

threshold depolarization from direct stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is indirect excitation example

A

sunburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endorphins?

A

pain reducer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pain threshold?

A

point at which stimulus is perceived as pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

perceptual dominance

A

pain at one location may cause an increase in threshold in another location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pain tolerance?

A

duration of time or intensity of pain that a person will endure before initiating pain responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

does pain threshold vary among ppl or in the same person over time

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is it called when someone with many painful sites only reports the post painful one

A

perceptual dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is pain tolerance influenced by

A

cultural perceptions, expectations, role behaviors, physical and mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is pain tolerance decreased?

A

repeated pain, fatigue, anger, boredom, apprehension, sleep deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is pain tolerance increased?

A

alcohol consumption, main meds, hypnosis, warmth, distracting activities, strong beliefs/faith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what varies greatly among ppl and in the same person over time

A

pain tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 types of pain

A

nociceptive pain and non-nociceptive pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nociceptive pain?

A

pain with normal tissue injury; can be somatic or visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

non-nociceptive pain?

A

neuropathic pain; peripheral and central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

protective mechanism?

A

alerts a person that a condition or experience is immediately harmful to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 types of acute pain

A

acute somatic, acute visceral, and referred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does acute somatic pain arise from

A

CT, muscle, bone, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 types of acute somatic fibers?

A

A delta and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do A delta fibers sense

A

pain is sharp and well localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do C fibers sense

A

dull, aching, and poorly localized pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is acute visceral pain

A

pain in the internal organs and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is acute visceral pain poorly localized

A

lesser number of nociceptors (sometimes dont feel pain even when its occurring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is referred pain

A

pain in an area removed or distant from its point of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is referred pain supplied by

A

same spinal segment as the actual site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

chronic pain?

A

misinterpretation of nociceptive input due to an imbalance of neuromodulatoin controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are some examples of chronic pain

A

dec endorphins and predominance of C neuron stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cause of chronic pain

A

usually unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

does chronic pain respond to usual therapy

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how long must pain occur for it to be chronic

A

at least 3 months

36
Q

name some common types of chronic pain

A

back pain, myofacial pain syndromes, chronic postoperative pain, cancer pain

37
Q

mc type of chronic pain

A

back pain

38
Q

what are myofacial pain syndromes

A

pain to the muscles and fascia that cause tenderness, stiffness, and spasms

39
Q

how do endorphins regulate pain?

A

bind to opiate receptors

40
Q

what pain is an imbalance of neuromodulation controls?

A

chronic pain

41
Q

neuropathic pain a result of?

A

result of trauma or disease of nerves

42
Q

what type of pain is neuropathic pain

A

chronic

43
Q

neuropathic pain examples

A

diabetic neuropathy (due to untreated diabetes) and postherpetic neuralgia (reactivation of viruses within nerves)

44
Q

types of neuropathic pain

A

deafferentiation pain, sympathetically maintained pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), central pain, phantom limb pain

45
Q

what is important to consider in neuropathic pain?

A

psychological components (like depression and anxiety), sleep disturbances, work related issues, trmt expectations, social support

46
Q

when is the nococeptor system functional in infants

A

24 weeks

47
Q

how do babies express pain

A

crying, facial expressionsss, body language

48
Q

how does pain change as we age

A

increased pain threshold, dec pain tolerance, changes in metabolism of drugs or other metabolites

49
Q

what does temp regulation vary based on

A

location, activity, environment, circadian rhythm, gender

50
Q

what regulates our temp

A

peripheral thermoreceptors, hypothalmic control, heat production and conservation

51
Q

how is heat produced and conserved

A

metabolism, muscle contraction, chemical thermogenesis, vasoconstriction, voluntary mechanisms

52
Q

how is temp regulation different in peds

A

they produce body heat but cant maintain it; small body size and high body surface to weight ratio, thin subcutaneous layer

53
Q

how is temp regulation different in old ppl

A

slow blood circulation, vasoconstrictive response, and metabolic rate
dec sweating and perception of heat/cold

54
Q

what is a fever

A

resetting of hypothalamic thermostat

55
Q

febrile response of a fever?

A

raise temp, immunologic changes (inc B lymphocytes), endocrine changes (inc. catecholamines), physiologic changes (anorexia)

56
Q

acute phase response of a fever?

A

inc c reactive protein, dec albumin, inc circulating neutrophils

57
Q

benefits of fever?

A

kills many organisms, increases lymphocytes and phagocyte motility

58
Q

fever dec. serum levels of what elements

A

iron, zinc, and copper

59
Q

how does fever kill organisms

A

dec. serum iron, zinc, and copper, deprives bacteria of toos, and promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of cells

60
Q

hyperthermia?

A

not mediated by pyrogens; NO resetting of hypothalamic thermostat

61
Q

what does a temp over 41 C or 105.8F cause

A

nerve damage and convulsions

62
Q

what does a temp over 43 C or 109.4F cause

A

death

63
Q

forms of hyperthermia

A

heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke

64
Q

heat cramps?

A

severe spasmodic cramps in the abdomen and extremities followed by prolonges sweating and Na loss

65
Q

who are heat cramps common in

A

ppl not used to heat or ppl doing hard work in warm temps

66
Q

what often accompanies heat cramps

A

fever, rapid pulse, inc. BP

67
Q

heat exhaustion?

A

collapse due to prolonged high core or environmental temps; also get prolonged vasodilation and sweating

68
Q

manifestations of heat exhaustion?

A

dizziness, weakness, nausea, syncope

69
Q

what does prolonged vasodilation and profuse sweating lead to

A

dyhydration, dec. plasma volumes, hypotension, sec. cardiac output, and tachycardia

70
Q

what can the brain not regulate temps over

A

40.5C or 104.9F

71
Q

heat stroke?

A

potentially lethal result of a break down in an overstressed thermoregulatory center

72
Q

what is temp in the brain maintained by

A

blood flow through veins in the head and face

73
Q

what may happen to CV and thermoregulatory centers in too high of temps

A

they may stop functioning

74
Q

manifestations of a heat stroke?

A

cerebral edema, degeneration of CNS, swollen dendrites, renal tubular necrosis

75
Q

what does rapid peripheral cooling cause in a heat stroke

A

peripheral vasoconstriction and limits core cooling

76
Q

who are more susceptible to heat strokes

A

children

77
Q

why are children more susceptible to heat strokes

A

they produce more heat when exercising, greater surface area to mass ratio, sweating capacity is less in adults

78
Q

malignant hyperthermia?

A

complication of an inherited muscular disorder precipitated by administration of volatile anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents

79
Q

what occurs with calcium in malignant hyperthermia?

A

increased Ca release or dec Ca uptake with muscle contraction

80
Q

what does malignant hyperthermia cause?

A

sustained muscle contractions which increase O2 consumption and lactic acid production

81
Q

hypothermia?

A

body temp less than 35C or 95F

82
Q

what does hypothermia produce?

A

vasoconstriction, changes in microcirculation, coagulation, ischemic tissue damage

83
Q

what do ice crystals do in hypothermia

A

form in cells and cause them to rupture and die

84
Q

what does tissue hypothermia do

A

slows chemical rxns, increases blood viscosity, slows circulation of blood, facilitaties blood coagulation, and stimulates vasoconstriction

85
Q

accidental hypothermia?

A

result of sudden immersion in cold water or prolonged exposure to cold

86
Q

therapeutic hypothermia?

A

used to slow metabolism and preserve ischemic tissue during surgery, but may lead to ventricular defibrillation and cardiac arrest

87
Q

trauma induced temp change?

A

CNS trauma, accidental injuries, hemorrhagic shock, major surgery, burns

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions