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Pathophysiology > cardio part 1 > Flashcards

cardio part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this is the leading cause of death in the us and world

A

CV diseases

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2
Q

24.6% of US deaths result from…

A

CV diseases

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3
Q

varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, DVT, and superior vena cava syndrome (SVC) are all diseases of what

A

veins

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4
Q

varicose veins?

A

distended, torturus, palpable veins where blood has pooled and cannot get back up the the heart because valves are stretched out

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5
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

trauma or it can happen gradually over time

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6
Q

what veins are usually affected in varicose veins

A

superficial ones especially the saphenous

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7
Q

what does varicose vein lead to

A

chronic venous insufficiency

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8
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

A

when veins do not return the amount of blood you’d expect them to

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9
Q

if someone has chronic venous insufficiency, their legs may be this color

A

red because the blood is just sitting there

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10
Q

chronic venous insufficiency can lead to

A

inc risk of DVT, stasis dermatitis, or venous stasis ulcers

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11
Q

what are spider veins?

A

new veins that develop in legs in order to compensate for valves not working

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12
Q

trmt for chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins

A

get gravity on your side…. elevate legs, use compression stockings, exercise, ablate/destroy it, or ligate it and take it out surgically

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13
Q

what is DVT

A

thrombus forms and obstructs a large vein which causes increased venous pressure in extremities

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14
Q

if a thrombus breaks off from DVT and goes to the lungs what is this called?

A

pulmonary embolism

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15
Q

virchows triad are risk factors for ?

A

DVT

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16
Q

virchows triad

A

venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoaguable states

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17
Q

when does postthrombotic syndrome occur

A

after a dvt

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18
Q

what happens in postthrombotic syndrome

A

chronic leg pain, swelling, redness, ulcers

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19
Q

saddle embolism?

A

when a DVT clot goes to the lungs and cuts off circulation which is fatal

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20
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

when foramen ovale does not close at birth

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21
Q

atrial septal defect?

A

there is a hole in the R atrium where blood can cross into the left atrium without going to the lungs

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22
Q

how can we prevent DVT

A

remobilize after surgery, prophylactics (blood thinners), look for coagulopathies

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23
Q

trmt for acute DVT

A

IV thrombolytics like a clot buster, surgery

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24
Q

name some hypercoaguable states

A

COVID, factor V leiden, cancer, dehydration, immobilization, pregnancy

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25
Q

trmt for chronic DVT

A

oral anticoagulants, inferior vena cava filter/greenfield filter

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26
Q

coag studies, D dimer, CT and MRI are all ways we can test for what

A

DVT

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27
Q

what does a inferior vena cava filter/greenfield filter do

A

prevents clots from going to the heart by trapping them in a filter

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28
Q

what is SVC synd

A

when the superior vena cava is occluded which leads to venous distension in the upper extremities and head

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29
Q

what is the heading cause of SVC synd

A

bronchogenic lung cancer

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30
Q

trmt for malignant disorders of SVC synd

A

radiation, chemo, surgery, diuretics, steroids, anticoagulants… want to stop it from growing

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31
Q

trmt for nonmalignant disorders of SVC synd

A

bypass, thrombolysis, balloon angioplasty, stent

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32
Q

how does the tunica media differ in arteries and veins

A

thick in arteries and thin in veins

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33
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

dilation of a weakened BV or cardiac chamber

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34
Q

what does a true aneurysm involve?

A

involves all 3 layers of the bv wall

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35
Q

false aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm?

A

when blood is trapped in tissue adjacent to an artery bc there is a hole in the bv wall

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36
Q

dissecting aneurysm?

A

starts as a tear in the intima layer of a BV that flows into the media creating a false lumen

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37
Q

a giant aneurysm is a subtype of what aneurysm

A

saccular

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38
Q

berry aneurysms are common near…

A

circle of willis

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39
Q

when is an aneurysm most likely to rupture?

A

when it’s larger and SBP is higher

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40
Q

symptoms for aortic aneurysm

A

asymptomatic; tearing chest pain radiating to the back

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41
Q

symptoms for thoracic aneurysm

A

dysphagia and dyspnea due to increased pressure of the aneurysm

42
Q

why can abdominal aortic aneurysms be a surgical emergency

A

flow to organs can be impaired and cause ischemia

43
Q

trmt for aneurysms

A

low bp and volume, stop smoking, beta adrenergic blocker, surgery when appropriate

44
Q

when do we typically repair AAA

A

when they are over 5.5cm

45
Q

embolisms, thromboangiitis obliterans, raynaud disease and phenomenon, atherosclerosis are all what type of disease

A

peripheral arterial diseases

46
Q

what is a thrombus

A

trapped RBC with fibers

47
Q

if emboli are not clots, what can they be

A

air bubbles, amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, cancer cells, foreign substances,

48
Q

where do many arterial emboli come from

A

heart

49
Q

coronary artery is occluded.. this leads to what

A

MI

50
Q

cerebral artery is occluded.. this leads to what

A

stroke

51
Q

symptoms of peripheral arterial occlusion

A

pain, pallor, pulselessness, parathesias, paralysis, poiklothermia (cold)

52
Q

thrombus trmt?

A

dissolve clot, remove clot, or manage with drugs

53
Q

what is thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease

A

inflammatory disease of small and medium sized peripheral arteries that causes sluggish blood flow, rubor, and cyanosis

54
Q

where on the body is thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease

A

digital, tibial, palmar, ulnar, and plantar arteries

55
Q

who does thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease typically occur in

A

young male smokers

56
Q

trmt for thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease

A

stop smoking, exercise, vasodilators

57
Q

what is raynauds synd/phenonmenon

A

episodic vasospasm which leads to ischemia in arteries are arterioles of hands

58
Q

clinical manifestations of raynauds synd/phenonmenon

A

changes in skin color and sensation changes caused by ischemia

59
Q

what do hands look like in raynauds synd/phenonmenon with red white and blue

A

white-blue-red

60
Q

is raynauds syndrome primary or secondary

A

primary; no known origin

61
Q

trmt for raynauds syndrome

A

stop smoking, avoid cold and stress, Ca channel blockers

62
Q

is raynauds phenomenon primary or secondary

A

secondary

63
Q

trmt for raynauds phenomenon

A

arm exercises and meds

64
Q

arteriosclerosis?

A

arteries become thick and stiff

65
Q

atherosclerosis?

A

subset of arteriosclerosis; thickening and hardening of walls of arteries due to lipid laden macrophages

66
Q

leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease

A

atherosclerosis

67
Q

lipid accumulation and endothelial dysfunction are keys to what disease

A

atherosclerosis

68
Q

endothelial dysfunction occurs early in plaque development affecting arteries throughout the body before…

A

gross evidence of plaque

69
Q

where do plaques love to deposit themselves?

A

areas where blood flow is high such as artery branches

70
Q

what does NO do?

A

facilitates vasodilation, inhibits plaque aggregation and inflammation, stimulates angiogenesis ( good for collateral circulation)

71
Q

cv risk factors decrease vasodilation and NO availability and inc ROS. what are some key cv risk factors

A

smoking, dys/hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, hyperhomocystemia

72
Q

steps in atherosclerosis development

A

endothelial injury- endothelial inflammation- cytokines released- cellular proliferation- macrophage migration- oxidation by foam cell foramtion- fatty streak- fibrous plaque- calcified outer layer- complicated plaque- rupture

73
Q

sx of atherosclerosis

A

depends on organ affected

74
Q

trmt for atherosclerosis

A

reduce risk factors, prevent lesion progression, stop smoking, control htn, lipids, DM, diet, meds, may need stent or CABG,

75
Q

atherosclerosis in coronary artery is called…

A

CAD which leads to MI

76
Q

atherosclerosis in limb artery is called…

A

PAD

77
Q

atherosclerosis in renal artery is called…

A

HTN, kidney disease

78
Q

what is PAD

A

atherosclerotic disease of arteries that affect the lower extremities

79
Q

who is PAD most common in

A

diabetes and smokers

80
Q

common sx of PAD

A

intermittent claudication

81
Q

trmt for PAD

A

vasodilators, antiplatelet or antithrombolytic meds, cholesterol lowering meds, exercise, may need bypass or stent

82
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

any disease that narrows or occludes the coronaries resulting in mismatch btwn coronary blood supply and myocardial demand for oxygen and nutrients

83
Q

MCC of CAD?

A

atherosclerosis

84
Q

what can CAD lead to

A

reversible ischemia or irreversible infarction

85
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors of CAD

A

age, male, women after menopause, fx in men over 55 or women over 65

86
Q

what does smoking lead to

A

vasoconstriction, high ldl and low hdl

87
Q

what does dm and insulin resistance lead to

A

endothelial damage and vessel wall thicking

88
Q

metabolic syndrome?

A

obesity + dyslipidemia + HTN

89
Q

what is c reactive protein a marker for

A

inflammation and thrombosis

90
Q

what is troponin 1 a marker for

A

chronic myocardial damage

91
Q

what are adipokines

A

hormones secreted by fat cells; adiponectin and leptin

92
Q

lipoprotein?

A

lipid + protein carrier

93
Q

what are lipids soluble in

A

nonpolar solvents (not water)

94
Q

how do lipids get in the body

A

they are made in the body or eaten

95
Q

exogenous lipids enter the body via the…

A

lymphatic system

96
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

made mostly of triglycerides that transport ingested lipids from the intestines

97
Q

where are triglycerides transported?

A

muscles for nrg or adipose tissue for storage

98
Q

remnants of chylomicrons contain what?

A

cholesterol which need to be taken up by the liver

99
Q

LDL?

A

supplies cholesterol needed for cell flexability

100
Q

HDL?

A

retrieves excess cholesterol for reprocessing

101
Q

what are VLDL made of

A

mainly triglycerides + a carrier protein

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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