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Pathophysiology > cardio part 1 > Flashcards

cardio part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this is the leading cause of death in the us and world

A

CV diseases

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2
Q

24.6% of US deaths result from…

A

CV diseases

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3
Q

varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, DVT, and superior vena cava syndrome (SVC) are all diseases of what

A

veins

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4
Q

varicose veins?

A

distended, torturus, palpable veins where blood has pooled and cannot get back up the the heart because valves are stretched out

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5
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

trauma or it can happen gradually over time

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6
Q

what veins are usually affected in varicose veins

A

superficial ones especially the saphenous

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7
Q

what does varicose vein lead to

A

chronic venous insufficiency

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8
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

A

when veins do not return the amount of blood you’d expect them to

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9
Q

if someone has chronic venous insufficiency, their legs may be this color

A

red because the blood is just sitting there

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10
Q

chronic venous insufficiency can lead to

A

inc risk of DVT, stasis dermatitis, or venous stasis ulcers

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11
Q

what are spider veins?

A

new veins that develop in legs in order to compensate for valves not working

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12
Q

trmt for chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins

A

get gravity on your side…. elevate legs, use compression stockings, exercise, ablate/destroy it, or ligate it and take it out surgically

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13
Q

what is DVT

A

thrombus forms and obstructs a large vein which causes increased venous pressure in extremities

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14
Q

if a thrombus breaks off from DVT and goes to the lungs what is this called?

A

pulmonary embolism

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15
Q

virchows triad are risk factors for ?

A

DVT

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16
Q

virchows triad

A

venous stasis, venous endothelial damage, hypercoaguable states

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17
Q

when does postthrombotic syndrome occur

A

after a dvt

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18
Q

what happens in postthrombotic syndrome

A

chronic leg pain, swelling, redness, ulcers

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19
Q

saddle embolism?

A

when a DVT clot goes to the lungs and cuts off circulation which is fatal

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20
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

when foramen ovale does not close at birth

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21
Q

atrial septal defect?

A

there is a hole in the R atrium where blood can cross into the left atrium without going to the lungs

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22
Q

how can we prevent DVT

A

remobilize after surgery, prophylactics (blood thinners), look for coagulopathies

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23
Q

trmt for acute DVT

A

IV thrombolytics like a clot buster, surgery

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24
Q

name some hypercoaguable states

A

COVID, factor V leiden, cancer, dehydration, immobilization, pregnancy

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25
trmt for chronic DVT
oral anticoagulants, inferior vena cava filter/greenfield filter
26
coag studies, D dimer, CT and MRI are all ways we can test for what
DVT
27
what does a inferior vena cava filter/greenfield filter do
prevents clots from going to the heart by trapping them in a filter
28
what is SVC synd
when the superior vena cava is occluded which leads to venous distension in the upper extremities and head
29
what is the heading cause of SVC synd
bronchogenic lung cancer
30
trmt for malignant disorders of SVC synd
radiation, chemo, surgery, diuretics, steroids, anticoagulants... want to stop it from growing
31
trmt for nonmalignant disorders of SVC synd
bypass, thrombolysis, balloon angioplasty, stent
32
how does the tunica media differ in arteries and veins
thick in arteries and thin in veins
33
what is an aneurysm
dilation of a weakened BV or cardiac chamber
34
what does a true aneurysm involve?
involves all 3 layers of the bv wall
35
false aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm?
when blood is trapped in tissue adjacent to an artery bc there is a hole in the bv wall
36
dissecting aneurysm?
starts as a tear in the intima layer of a BV that flows into the media creating a false lumen
37
a giant aneurysm is a subtype of what aneurysm
saccular
38
berry aneurysms are common near...
circle of willis
39
when is an aneurysm most likely to rupture?
when it's larger and SBP is higher
40
symptoms for aortic aneurysm
asymptomatic; tearing chest pain radiating to the back
41
symptoms for thoracic aneurysm
dysphagia and dyspnea due to increased pressure of the aneurysm
42
why can abdominal aortic aneurysms be a surgical emergency
flow to organs can be impaired and cause ischemia
43
trmt for aneurysms
low bp and volume, stop smoking, beta adrenergic blocker, surgery when appropriate
44
when do we typically repair AAA
when they are over 5.5cm
45
embolisms, thromboangiitis obliterans, raynaud disease and phenomenon, atherosclerosis are all what type of disease
peripheral arterial diseases
46
what is a thrombus
trapped RBC with fibers
47
if emboli are not clots, what can they be
air bubbles, amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, cancer cells, foreign substances,
48
where do many arterial emboli come from
heart
49
coronary artery is occluded.. this leads to what
MI
50
cerebral artery is occluded.. this leads to what
stroke
51
symptoms of peripheral arterial occlusion
pain, pallor, pulselessness, parathesias, paralysis, poiklothermia (cold)
52
thrombus trmt?
dissolve clot, remove clot, or manage with drugs
53
what is thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease
inflammatory disease of small and medium sized peripheral arteries that causes sluggish blood flow, rubor, and cyanosis
54
where on the body is thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease
digital, tibial, palmar, ulnar, and plantar arteries
55
who does thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease typically occur in
young male smokers
56
trmt for thromboangiitis obliterans/beurger disease
stop smoking, exercise, vasodilators
57
what is raynauds synd/phenonmenon
episodic vasospasm which leads to ischemia in arteries are arterioles of hands
58
clinical manifestations of raynauds synd/phenonmenon
changes in skin color and sensation changes caused by ischemia
59
what do hands look like in raynauds synd/phenonmenon with red white and blue
white-blue-red
60
is raynauds syndrome primary or secondary
primary; no known origin
61
trmt for raynauds syndrome
stop smoking, avoid cold and stress, Ca channel blockers
62
is raynauds phenomenon primary or secondary
secondary
63
trmt for raynauds phenomenon
arm exercises and meds
64
arteriosclerosis?
arteries become thick and stiff
65
atherosclerosis?
subset of arteriosclerosis; thickening and hardening of walls of arteries due to lipid laden macrophages
66
leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease
atherosclerosis
67
lipid accumulation and endothelial dysfunction are keys to what disease
atherosclerosis
68
endothelial dysfunction occurs early in plaque development affecting arteries throughout the body before...
gross evidence of plaque
69
where do plaques love to deposit themselves?
areas where blood flow is high such as artery branches
70
what does NO do?
facilitates vasodilation, inhibits plaque aggregation and inflammation, stimulates angiogenesis ( good for collateral circulation)
71
cv risk factors decrease vasodilation and NO availability and inc ROS. what are some key cv risk factors
smoking, dys/hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, hyperhomocystemia
72
steps in atherosclerosis development
endothelial injury- endothelial inflammation- cytokines released- cellular proliferation- macrophage migration- oxidation by foam cell foramtion- fatty streak- fibrous plaque- calcified outer layer- complicated plaque- rupture
73
sx of atherosclerosis
depends on organ affected
74
trmt for atherosclerosis
reduce risk factors, prevent lesion progression, stop smoking, control htn, lipids, DM, diet, meds, may need stent or CABG,
75
atherosclerosis in coronary artery is called...
CAD which leads to MI
76
atherosclerosis in limb artery is called...
PAD
77
atherosclerosis in renal artery is called...
HTN, kidney disease
78
what is PAD
atherosclerotic disease of arteries that affect the lower extremities
79
who is PAD most common in
diabetes and smokers
80
common sx of PAD
intermittent claudication
81
trmt for PAD
vasodilators, antiplatelet or antithrombolytic meds, cholesterol lowering meds, exercise, may need bypass or stent
82
what is coronary artery disease
any disease that narrows or occludes the coronaries resulting in mismatch btwn coronary blood supply and myocardial demand for oxygen and nutrients
83
MCC of CAD?
atherosclerosis
84
what can CAD lead to
reversible ischemia or irreversible infarction
85
nonmodifiable risk factors of CAD
age, male, women after menopause, fx in men over 55 or women over 65
86
what does smoking lead to
vasoconstriction, high ldl and low hdl
87
what does dm and insulin resistance lead to
endothelial damage and vessel wall thicking
88
metabolic syndrome?
obesity + dyslipidemia + HTN
89
what is c reactive protein a marker for
inflammation and thrombosis
90
what is troponin 1 a marker for
chronic myocardial damage
91
what are adipokines
hormones secreted by fat cells; adiponectin and leptin
92
lipoprotein?
lipid + protein carrier
93
what are lipids soluble in
nonpolar solvents (not water)
94
how do lipids get in the body
they are made in the body or eaten
95
exogenous lipids enter the body via the...
lymphatic system
96
what are chylomicrons
made mostly of triglycerides that transport ingested lipids from the intestines
97
where are triglycerides transported?
muscles for nrg or adipose tissue for storage
98
remnants of chylomicrons contain what?
cholesterol which need to be taken up by the liver
99
LDL?
supplies cholesterol needed for cell flexability
100
HDL?
retrieves excess cholesterol for reprocessing
101
what are VLDL made of
mainly triglycerides + a carrier protein

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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