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Pathophysiology > Immunity Beginning With Phagocytosis > Flashcards

Immunity Beginning With Phagocytosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process by which a cell ingests and disposes foreign material. It destroys micro organisms and cellular debris

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2
Q

What is margination

A

The first step in diapedesis where leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells

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3
Q

What are the five steps in phagocytosis

A

Opsonization/recognition/adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation , fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction of the target

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4
Q

What is engulfment in phagocytosis

A

Small pseudopods surround microorganism

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5
Q

How is the target destroyed in phagocytosis

A

Primary and secondary granules

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6
Q

Is phagocytosis oxygen dependent or oxygen independent

A

Dependent

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7
Q

What does alpha-1 antitrypsin do

A

Helps minimize the destructive effects of the enzymes released by the dying phagocytes

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8
Q

What are neutrophils AKA

A

Probably polyMorphonuclear neutrophils

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9
Q

What do neutrophils ingest

A

Bacteria, dead cells, cellular debris

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10
Q

Are neutrophils long or short lived

A

Short

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11
Q

What do you neutrophils become components of

A

Purulent exudate

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12
Q

What are the primary roles of neutrophils in sterile lesions

A

Remove debris

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13
Q

What are the primary roles of neutrophils in nonsterile lesions

A

Phagocytosize bacteria

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14
Q

where are monocytes made

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

when do monocytes become macrophages

A

when they get to the inflammatory site

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16
Q

when do macrophages get to the inflammatory site

A

3-7 days after neutrophils

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17
Q

what do NK cells do

A

recognize and eliminate virus and cancer cells in blood

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18
Q

what is the main component of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes

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19
Q

what does pain result from

A

pressure form exudate accumulations, prostaglandins, and bradykinins

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20
Q

what does swelling result from

A

exudate accumulations and fluid from capillary permeability

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21
Q

functions of local manifestations of inflammation?

A

dilute toxins, carry plasma proteins and WBC to injury site, and carry bacteria/toxins away from site

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22
Q

what do local manifestations of inflammation result in

A

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

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23
Q

what is the vascular response

A

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, inc. capillary permeability, exudation, and cell migration

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24
Q

what is exudate?

A

fluid and cells that may enter a wound

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25
Q

what is serous exudate?

A

watery exudate that indicates early inflammation

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26
Q

what is fibrinous exudate?

A

thick, clotted exudate that indications advanced inflammation

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27
Q

what is purulent/ suppurative exudate?

A

pus, indicates bacterial infection

28
Q

what is hemorrhagic exudate?

A

exudate containing blood, indicates bleeding

29
Q

what is a fever caused by?what do these act on?

A

exogenous and endogenous pyrogens that act on the hypothalamus

30
Q

in systemic inflammation, what do WBC do

A

circulating WBC increase causing a left shift which means increase in immature cells

31
Q

what are the acute phase reactants in systemic inflammation

A

c reactive protein, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, amyloid, and ceruloplasmin

32
Q

chronic inflammation?

A

inflammation lasting 2 weeks- months- years

33
Q

what is chronic infmallation usually related to

A

unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

34
Q

what causes chronic inflammation

A

high fat/wax of a microorganism, ability to survive in macrophage, toxins, chemicals, physical irritants

35
Q

chrarcteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, granuloma, epitheloid cell ,and giant cell formation

36
Q

what substances control inflammation?

A

carboxypeptidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase, C-1 esterase inhibitor, kinins, and clotting

37
Q

what does carboxypeptidase do

A

inhibits C3a and C5b

38
Q

what does histaminase do

A

inhibits histamine

39
Q

what does arylsulfatase do

A

inhibits histamine

40
Q

what does C-1 esterase inhibitor do

A

inhibits complement

41
Q

what is teh most favorable outcome of inflammation

A

regeneration

42
Q

what is resolution

A

returning injured tissue to the original structure and finction

43
Q

what is repair

A

replacing destroyed tissue with scar tissue

44
Q

what is scar tissue made of

A

collagen which restores tensile strength of the tissue

45
Q

what is debridement?

A

cleaning up of dissolved clots, microorganisms, RBC and dead tissue cells

46
Q

what is healing?

A

filling the wound, sealing it, and shrinking it

47
Q

what is wound shrinking

A

contraction

48
Q

what is primary intention healing?

A

wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss. Original tissue structure and function have been restored

49
Q

what is secondary intention healing?

A

wounds that require significantly more tissue replacement

50
Q

what types of wounds cause scar formation

A

open wounds

51
Q

when does the reconstruction phase of wound healing begin? How long does this last for?

A

Begins 3-4 days after the injury and continues for 2 weeks

52
Q

what secretes collagen in the reconstructive phase

A

fibroblasts

53
Q

how do wounds contract in the reconstructive phase

A

through the actions of myofibroblasts

54
Q

what occurs in the maturation phase of healing?

A

healed wound is remodeled, cellular differentiation continues, scar tissue forms, and scar remodeling occurs

55
Q

when does the maturation phase of wound healing begin? How long does this last for?

A

several wks after the injury and can last for 2 years

56
Q

what is epithelialization?

A

cells from healthy tissues grow into the wound; wound sealing

57
Q

what can cause impaired collagen matrix assembly? what can this lead to?

A

malnutrition which leads to keloids and hypertrophic scars

58
Q

what can cause impaired epithelialization?

A

antiinflammatory steroids, hypoxemia, nutritional deficiencies, cleaning with povidone iodine and H2O2

59
Q

what can cause impaired contraction?

A

contractures resulting from excessive myofibroblasts derived tension

60
Q

what is dehiscence?

A

when the wound pulls apart at the suture line

61
Q

what causes dehiscence?

A

excessive drain, wound sepsis, and obesity

62
Q

when does dehiscence occur

A

5-12 days after suture

63
Q

what occurs during dehiscence?

A

increased serous drainage, feels like something gave away, surgery is needed

64
Q

tell me about the neonate immune system?

A

have depressed inflammatory immune function, neutrophils cant do chemotaxis, deficient complement system and collectings, and are susceptible to bacterial infections

65
Q

what is impaired or delayed inflammation a result of

A

chronic illness

66
Q

who are infections more common in?

A

older adults

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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