Immunity Beginning With Phagocytosis

Question 1

What is phagocytosis

Answer 1

The process by which a cell ingests and disposes foreign material. It destroys micro organisms and cellular debris

Question 2

What is margination

Answer 2

The first step in diapedesis where leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells

Question 3

What are the five steps in phagocytosis

Answer 3

Opsonization/recognition/adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation , fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction of the target

Question 4

What is engulfment in phagocytosis

Answer 4

Small pseudopods surround microorganism

Question 5

How is the target destroyed in phagocytosis

Answer 5

Primary and secondary granules

Question 6

Is phagocytosis oxygen dependent or oxygen independent

Answer 6

Dependent

Question 7

What does alpha-1 antitrypsin do

Answer 7

Helps minimize the destructive effects of the enzymes released by the dying phagocytes

Question 8

What are neutrophils AKA

Answer 8

Probably polyMorphonuclear neutrophils

Question 9

What do neutrophils ingest

Answer 9

Bacteria, dead cells, cellular debris

Question 10

Are neutrophils long or short lived

Answer 10

Short

Question 11

What do you neutrophils become components of

Answer 11

Purulent exudate

Question 12

What are the primary roles of neutrophils in sterile lesions

Answer 12

Remove debris

Question 13

What are the primary roles of neutrophils in nonsterile lesions

Answer 13

Phagocytosize bacteria

Question 14

where are monocytes made

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

when do monocytes become macrophages

Answer 15

when they get to the inflammatory site

Question 16

when do macrophages get to the inflammatory site

Answer 16

3-7 days after neutrophils

Question 17

what do NK cells do

Answer 17

recognize and eliminate virus and cancer cells in blood

Question 18

what is the main component of the adaptive immune system

Answer 18

lymphocytes

Question 19

what does pain result from

Answer 19

pressure form exudate accumulations, prostaglandins, and bradykinins

Question 20

what does swelling result from

Answer 20

exudate accumulations and fluid from capillary permeability

Question 21

functions of local manifestations of inflammation?

Answer 21

dilute toxins, carry plasma proteins and WBC to injury site, and carry bacteria/toxins away from site

Question 22

what do local manifestations of inflammation result in

Answer 22

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Question 23

what is the vascular response

Answer 23

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, inc. capillary permeability, exudation, and cell migration

Question 24

what is exudate?

Answer 24

fluid and cells that may enter a wound

Question 25

what is serous exudate?

Answer 25

watery exudate that indicates early inflammation

Question 26

what is fibrinous exudate?

Answer 26

thick, clotted exudate that indications advanced inflammation

Question 27

what is purulent/ suppurative exudate?

Answer 27

pus, indicates bacterial infection

Question 28

what is hemorrhagic exudate?

Answer 28

exudate containing blood, indicates bleeding

Question 29

what is a fever caused by?what do these act on?

Answer 29

exogenous and endogenous pyrogens that act on the hypothalamus

Question 30

in systemic inflammation, what do WBC do

Answer 30

circulating WBC increase causing a left shift which means increase in immature cells

Question 31

what are the acute phase reactants in systemic inflammation

Answer 31

c reactive protein, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, amyloid, and ceruloplasmin

Question 32

chronic inflammation?

Answer 32

inflammation lasting 2 weeks- months- years

Question 33

what is chronic infmallation usually related to

Answer 33

unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

Question 34

what causes chronic inflammation

Answer 34

high fat/wax of a microorganism, ability to survive in macrophage, toxins, chemicals, physical irritants

Question 35

chrarcteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 35

dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, granuloma, epitheloid cell ,and giant cell formation

Question 36

what substances control inflammation?

Answer 36

carboxypeptidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase, C-1 esterase inhibitor, kinins, and clotting

Question 37

what does carboxypeptidase do

Answer 37

inhibits C3a and C5b

Question 38

what does histaminase do

Answer 38

inhibits histamine

Question 39

what does arylsulfatase do

Answer 39

inhibits histamine

Question 40

what does C-1 esterase inhibitor do

Answer 40

inhibits complement

Question 41

what is teh most favorable outcome of inflammation

Answer 41

regeneration

Question 42

what is resolution

Answer 42

returning injured tissue to the original structure and finction

Question 43

what is repair

Answer 43

replacing destroyed tissue with scar tissue

Question 44

what is scar tissue made of

Answer 44

collagen which restores tensile strength of the tissue

Question 45

what is debridement?

Answer 45

cleaning up of dissolved clots, microorganisms, RBC and dead tissue cells

Question 46

what is healing?

Answer 46

filling the wound, sealing it, and shrinking it

Question 47

what is wound shrinking

Answer 47

contraction

Question 48

what is primary intention healing?

Answer 48

wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss. Original tissue structure and function have been restored

Question 49

what is secondary intention healing?

Answer 49

wounds that require significantly more tissue replacement

Question 50

what types of wounds cause scar formation

Answer 50

open wounds

Question 51

when does the reconstruction phase of wound healing begin? How long does this last for?

Answer 51

Begins 3-4 days after the injury and continues for 2 weeks

Question 52

what secretes collagen in the reconstructive phase

Answer 52

fibroblasts

Question 53

how do wounds contract in the reconstructive phase

Answer 53

through the actions of myofibroblasts

Question 54

what occurs in the maturation phase of healing?

Answer 54

healed wound is remodeled, cellular differentiation continues, scar tissue forms, and scar remodeling occurs

Question 55

when does the maturation phase of wound healing begin? How long does this last for?

Answer 55

several wks after the injury and can last for 2 years

Question 56

what is epithelialization?

Answer 56

cells from healthy tissues grow into the wound; wound sealing

Question 57

what can cause impaired collagen matrix assembly? what can this lead to?

Answer 57

malnutrition which leads to keloids and hypertrophic scars

Question 58

what can cause impaired epithelialization?

Answer 58

antiinflammatory steroids, hypoxemia, nutritional deficiencies, cleaning with povidone iodine and H2O2

Question 59

what can cause impaired contraction?

Answer 59

contractures resulting from excessive myofibroblasts derived tension

Question 60

what is dehiscence?

Answer 60

when the wound pulls apart at the suture line

Question 61

what causes dehiscence?

Answer 61

excessive drain, wound sepsis, and obesity

Question 62

when does dehiscence occur

Answer 62

5-12 days after suture

Question 63

what occurs during dehiscence?

Answer 63

increased serous drainage, feels like something gave away, surgery is needed

Question 64

tell me about the neonate immune system?

Answer 64

have depressed inflammatory immune function, neutrophils cant do chemotaxis, deficient complement system and collectings, and are susceptible to bacterial infections

Question 65

what is impaired or delayed inflammation a result of

Answer 65

chronic illness

Question 66

who are infections more common in?

Answer 66

older adults