SAS 11 | General disease Condition Flashcards
Shock
Failure of the circulatory system to adequately perfuse vital organs
Shock is characterized by?
Low blood flow or hypotension
There is maintenance of the viability of vital organs and sustain the patient’s life; the body’s readjustments fail to reestablish
Compensated shock
What are the general types of shock
- Primary or traumatic shock
- Secondary Shock
Type of shock that develops after injury, trauma or extensive surgical wounds during operation and massive handling of internal abdominal organ
Primary or Traumatic shock
Essential feature of this type of shock is the disproportion between the volume of blood and volume of blood vascular space
Secondary shock
What are the causes of shock
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Hypovolemic Shock
- Distributive or vasogenic shock
- Septic Shock
- Anaphylactic Shock
Cause by the inhibition of the heart’s ability to pump blood.
decrease heart rate and decrease contractility
Cardiogenic shock
Fluid (usually blood) rapidly accumulates in the pericardial space and impedes on the ability of the cardiac ventricles to dilate and fill with blood
Cardiac tamponade
shock that is due to sudden and/or severe loss of blood
Hypovolemic shock
Causes of Hypovolemic shock
Acute hemorrhage (1/4 to 1/3 blood loss)
Loss of intravascular or extravascular fluid
increase of vascular permeability leading to loss of extravascular fluids.
diseases that may result to hypovolemic shock
-Equine viral arteritis, African swine fever, classical swine fever or hog cholera
Shock that is due to a sudden severe decrease of peripheral vascular resistance that causes extensive pooling of blood within the venous system and subsequent decrease of venous return to the heart
Distributive or vasogenic shock
Diseases or conditions that may lead to distributive or vasogenic shock
Colonic edema, Gastric dilation volvolus in dogs, ruminal tympany, colic in horses
A form of distributive shock due to either endotoxic shock or toxic shock, and is often result from a bacterial infection.
Septic shock
A systemic manifestation of an acute hypersensitivity or allergic response.
Anaphylactic Shock
Consequences of shock
- Anoxic injury to endothelial cells
- Metabolic acidosis
- Insufficient myocardial perfusion causes anoxic injury to myocytes.
What is the function of the adrenal medulla as a support cardiac function.
Secretes Norepinephrine and epinephrine to increase heart rate.
What does the adrenal cortex secrete? (Support cardiac function)
Aldosterone: for the retention of water and sodium to increase blood volume.
Vasocontrictors
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Renin-angiotensin system
What are the physical examination finding of animals in shock
- Depressed mental state
- Muscle weakness
- Extremities are cooler
- Slow capillary refilling time (CRT)
- Hypothermia = Hypovolemic shock
- Hyperthermia = septic shock
Mortality rate of cardiogenic shock
60-65%
Septic Shock mortality rate
30-40%
General management for Shock
- Intravenous fluids
- Stabilize the temperature
- Oxygenation
- Avoid giving medicines that dilates the blood vessels such as opioids
Management for hemorrhagic shock
Surgical control of bleeding (Priority)
Volume replacement (Blood, IV fluids)
Cardiogenic shock management
Physiological saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride) + inotropic or vasopressor agents
Management for septic shock
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Management for Vasogenic shock
Surgery
