Dermatological Examination

Question 1

What are the primary skin lesions?

Answer 1

• erythema
• Papules
  -pustules
  -vesicle / Bullae
• crusted papules
• nodules
  -tumor

Question 2

Dermal vasodilation causing redness of the skin that disappears when pressure is applied (diascopy)

Answer 2

Erythema

Question 3

Cases that erythema is common in?

Answer 3

Atopy
Malassezia dermatitis
Microbial overgrowth
Intertrigo

Question 4

Raised, solid, circumscribed elevations of the skin, from 1mm up to 1cm diameter.
-caused by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis.

Answer 4

Papule

Question 5

Papules surmounted with a small central crust, may need examination with a hand lens

Answer 5

Crusted papules

Question 6

Crusted papules may be a sequela of?

Answer 6

Vesicles or pustules

Question 7

Raised, circumscribed, normally thin-walled lesions containing pus (typically 1 to 3 cm diameter)

Answer 7

Pustules

Question 8

Follicular infection involving pustules

Answer 8

-bacteria (pyoderma)
-Demodex (demodicosis)
-Dermatophytes (ringworm)

Question 9

Non-follicular infections involving pustules

Answer 9

-Impetigo in young dogs
- Pemphigus foliaceus in adults

Question 10

Small, raised, circumscribed elevation of the epidermis containing clear fluid less than 1cm
-What is it called if larger than 1 cm?

Answer 10

Vesicle
- bullae

Question 11

common causes of Vesicles/ Bullae

Answer 11

-Chigger bites
-Pemphigus vulgaris
-Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)

Question 12

Raised, solid cutaneous masses greater than 1cm in diameter
Caused by inflammatory infiltrates or neoplasia with in the dermis or rarely, in the subcutis

Answer 12

Nodules

Question 13

Solid masses involving any tissue in the skin or subcutis
Usually caused by neoplasia or granuloma formation

Answer 13

Tumours / Tumor

Question 14

Is an increased accumulation of keratinocytes producing a visible thin fragment

Answer 14

Scales

Question 15

Thick accumulation of cells within dried exudate
May contain serum, blood, cellular debris, or medications

Answer 15

Crust

Question 16

incomplete superficial lesions confined to the epidermis, and which heal without scar formation;
- does not penetrate the epidermal-dermal junction

Answer 16

Erosion

Question 17

Are self-inflected and often linear ( pruritic dermatoses)

Answer 17

Excorations

Question 18

Epidermis is breached, there is damage to dermal tissues and a hemorrhagic exudate
-Scarring occurs

Answer 18

Ulcers

Question 19

Difference between erosion and ulcers

Answer 19

Erosion does not penetrate the basal membrane, whereas the ulcer does.

Question 20

Scales are arranged in a circular or arciform pattern with a margin of crust and/or erythema
Lesion preceding being a small, elevated “pseudo pustules”

Answer 20

Epidermal collarettes

Question 21

An accumulation of keratinous debris around the hair shaft seen protruding from the follicular ostium or present when hairs are plucked and examined.

Answer 21

Follicular casts

Question 22

A dilated hair follicle plugged with keratinous debris

Answer 22

Comedones

Question 23

An accentuation of the skin marking s giving an elephant skin like appearance.
Associated with chronic irritation of and friction applied to the skin by scratching

Answer 23

Lichenification

Question 24

A visible decrease in or loss if hair coat

Answer 24

Alopecia

Question 25

are lines or stripes associated with abnormal stretching of the skin as a result of thinning.
-often associated with excess of corticosteroids

Answer 25

Stria / Striae

Question 26

Is a linear cleft or tear that extends through the epidermis

Answer 26

Fissure

Question 27

Diagnostic tools used in dermatological examination

Answer 27

Cutaneous cytology
Trichogram
Skin scrapes
Wood’s lamps examination

Question 28

What are the 3 most important initial steps for diagnosing common skin conditions

Answer 28

1. Taking clinical history
   2.Physical examination
2. Flea combing the patient.