Alterations of the Respiratory system

Question 1

Cell require continuous supply of Oxygen to support transforming reactions in mitochondria

Answer 1

Aerobic metabolism

Question 2

sum of all processes involving movement of O2 from
the environment to tissues

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

intracellular metabolic processes in
mitochondria

Answer 3

Cellular respiration

Question 4

sequence of events involved in the exchange
of O2 and CO2 between environment and mitochondria

Answer 4

External respiration

Question 5

Type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 5

flattened, single layer

Question 6

Type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 6

secrete pulmonary surfactant
phospholipoprotein complex that facilitates lung expansion)

Question 7

The pleurae form a thin double
layered serosa

Answer 7

Pleura

Question 8

covers the
thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

Answer 8

Parietal pleura

Question 9

covers the external surface of the lung

Answer 9

The visceral pleura

Question 10

is an infection or inflammation of the pleura and often results
from pneumonia.
-Results in what?

Answer 10

Pleurisy
-This results in a roughening of the pleura, which creates friction and a
stabbing pain with each breath

Question 11

Non -Respiratory functions

Answer 11

Regulation of water loss and heat exchange
b. Circulation
c. Acid- base balance
d. Vocalization, mating calls, and other sounds
e. Defense against inhaled foreign matter
f. Removal, modification, activation, inactivation of various materials
g. Olfaction
nose has chemoreceptors for airborne deodorants

Question 12

Number of breaths per minute
* Observed from behind and to one
side of animal
* Watch the movements of costal
arch and abdominal wall at the
flank

Answer 12

Rate

Question 13

Normal respiratory rates of:
1. Dogs & cats
2. Cattle
3. horses

Answer 13

1. 15-50
2. 12 to 36
3. 8 to 12

Question 14

Passive relaxation of abdominal muscles
-Active contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Answer 14

Inhalation

Question 15

Passive relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
- Active contraction of abdominal muscles creating an abdominal “lift”

Answer 15

Exhalation

Question 16

Variations from the normal excursions of the thoracic and abdominal
wall
- Shallow or deep
* Symmetry of thoracic wall movements

Answer 16

Depth

Question 17

Difficulty or labored breathing

Answer 17

Dyspnea

Question 18

Prolonged and labored inspiratory phase
- Exaggerated intercostal activity
- If due to URT obstructions –> + stridor

Answer 18

Inspiratory dyspnea

Question 19

Prolonged and labored expiratory phase
- Exaggerated abdominal effort or “heave”
- May lead to occurrence of heave line in horses or pumping of the
anus

Answer 19

Expiratory dyspnea

Question 20

Irritation of respiratory sensory receptors
- Deep inspiration followed by closure of glottis
- A vigorous and forced expiration

Answer 20

Coughing

Question 21

Cough is soft and sometimes productive
- Dyspnea is evident

Answer 21

Pulmonary edema

Question 22

Forceful exhalation of air from the respiratory tract to clear the
nasopharynx
- Initiated by nasal mucosa

Answer 22

Sneezing

Question 23

Bleeding from the nose

Answer 23

Epistaxis

Question 24

coughing up of blood thru oral or nasal cavity

Answer 24

Hemoptysis

Question 25

• Air or gas in subcutaneous tissues
• Mobile swelling which crackles like bubble wrap when palpated –> crepitus
  No heat, no pain, no ill effects

Answer 25

Subcutaneous emphysema

Question 26

Accumulation of fluid within subcutaneous tissues of ventral thorax
- Common with pleuropneumonia

Answer 26

Subcutaneous edema

Question 27

(Breath sounds) Short duration, interrupted, nonmusical

Answer 27

Crackles

Question 28

(breath sounds) Continuous musical type squeaking and whistling sounds

Answer 28

Wheezes

Question 29

high pitched sound on inspiration, audible with or without stethoscope

Answer 29

Stridor

Question 30

• Snoring sound (low pitched, coarse, raspy) audible without stet over laryngeal or pharyngeal areas

Answer 30

Stertor

Question 31

Loud grunting on expiration, audible on auscultation of thorax, over trachea without aid of stethoscope

Answer 31

Expiratory grunting

Question 32

low arterial PO2 + low hemoglobin

Answer 32

Hypoxic hypoxia

Question 33

reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood

Answer 33

Anemic hypoxia

Question 34

too little oxygenated blood delivered to tissues

Answer 34

Circulatory hypoxia

Question 35

cells cannot use available O2

Answer 35

Histotoxic hypoxia

Question 36

Excess CO2 in arterial blood

Answer 36

Hypercapnia

Question 37

ventilation is inadequate to meet the body’s
metabolic needs for O2 delivery and CO2 removal

Answer 37

Hypoventilation

Question 38

• Below normal CO2 in arterial blood

Answer 38

Hypocapnia

Question 39

rate of ventilation exceeds body’s metabolic needs
for CO2 removal

Answer 39

Hyperventilation

Question 40

Respiratory Acidosis
a. Causes

Answer 40

Elevated CO2 –> increased H2CO3 – excess H+ –> acidic condition

a. Lung disease, Nerve muscle disorders

Question 41

Excessive loss of CO2 from the body due to hyperventilation
- Less H2CO3 is formed and H+ decreases
a. Causes?

Answer 41

Respiratory Alkalosis
a. fever, anxiety, ingested toxins

Question 42

• Temporary cessation of breathing

Answer 42

Apnea

Question 43

Complete lack of oxygen
- Some animals completely adapted to the condition

Answer 43

Anoxia

Question 44

Increased ventilation that matches increased need for O2 delivery and CO2 removal during activity

Answer 44

Hyperpnea