General Signs of Illness

Question 1

Characterized by an increase in body temperature above normal range

Answer 1

Pyrexia / Fever

Question 2

Transfer of heat between objects NOT in direct contact

Answer 2

Radiation

Question 3

Removal of heat from a surface area

Answer 3

Evaporation

Question 4

Transfer of heat through air current

Answer 4

Convection

Question 5

Direct heat transfer

Answer 5

Conduction

Question 6

General adaptations in insulation

Answer 6

-Skin
-Feather
-Fur

Question 7

General circulatory Adaptations

Answer 7

-Vasoconstriction
-Vasodilation

Question 8

General adaptations by evaporative heat loss

Answer 8

-Panting
-Sweating

Question 9

Thermoregulation Mechanism during heatloss

Answer 9

-Panting
-Cutaneous vasodilation
-Postural changes
-Seeking cooler environment
-sweating

Question 10

Thermoregulation during heat gain

Answer 10

-Catecholamine thyroxine production
-increased muscle activity

Question 11

Thermoregulation during heat conservation

Answer 11

-Cutaneous vasoconstriction
-Piloerection
postural changes
seeking warm environment

Question 12

Thermoregulatory center

Answer 12

pre-optic region of hypothalamus

Question 13

Physiological causes of increased body temperature

Answer 13

Severe exercise
stress
menstruation
pregnancy

Question 14

Pathological causes of increased body temperature

Answer 14

heat stroke
fever

Question 15

Produced by variety types of pathogens: viruses, yeast, gram + & - bacteria

Answer 15

Exogenous pyrogens

Question 16

Produced by host organisms in response to injection of external pyrogen
-what are the cytokines involved

Answer 16

Endogenous Pyrogens
-Interleukins 1&6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon

Question 17

Non-infectious activators are caused by

Answer 17

Ag-Ab complexes
- Non-infectious inflammation caused by irritants
-Etiocholanolone (steroids)

Question 18

Benefits of fever

Answer 18

Immune function
Improved antibody productions
Activates T cells
Produces cytokines
Enhances neutrophil and macrophage function

Question 19

Downside of fever

Answer 19

Increase cardiac output
Increased O2 consumption
Increased CO2 productions
Increased Metabolic rate
Pain
Delirium

Question 20

Body temperature remains elevated above normal for a longer period (weeks or days)

Answer 20

Sustained/Persistent

Question 21

febrile episodes lasting for 1 or more days with intervening periods of normal Body temp

Answer 21

Intermittent/ Undulating

Question 22

Daily increase in Body temp with intervening periods of normal or subnormal temp. (Bacterial infections)

Answer 22

Remittent

Question 23

Antipyretic agents used in the management of fever

Answer 23

-Acetylsalicylic acid
-Acetaminophen (contraindicated-cats)
-Dipyrone
-Flunixin meglumine (not reco in cats)

Question 24

An unregulated rise in BT beyond the unchanged hypothalamic thermostatic setpoint

Answer 24

Hyperthermia

Question 25

Management of Hyperthermia

Answer 25

-Cold IV fluids (NSS)
-place animal in cold water bath
-glucocorticoids vs shock
-close patient monitoring until BT returns normal

Question 26

When normal thermoregulatory mechanisms no longer maintain core body temperature

Answer 26

Hypothermia

Question 27

Physical processes of heat exchange (Thermal Regulation)

Answer 27

1. Radiation
2. Evaporation
3. Convection
4. Conduction

Question 28

Causes of Hypothermia

Answer 28

• Acute decompensated CHF
  -Severe Hypothyroidism
• Prolonged immobilization
  -Prolonged exposure to extreme cold

Question 29

Clinical signs of hypothermia

Answer 29

-shivering
decreased level of consciousness
-bradycardia
-weak pulse
-Depressed respiration
-Muscled stiffness

Question 30

Management for hypothermia

Answer 30

-actively rewarm the animal
- Bubble wrap, heating pads
-Warm IV fluids

Question 31

Decreased Body weight due to depletion of total body reserves of nitrogen and fats

Answer 31

Weight loss

Question 32

General Physical wasting and malnutrition
-Loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness and significant loss of appetite

Answer 32

Cachexia / wasting syndrome

Question 32

State of severe weight loss induced by prolonged malnutrition or undernutrition

Answer 32

Emaciation

Question 33

Major causes of weight loss

Answer 33

1. feeding diets insufficient to meet normal physiological needs
2. Impaired desire or ability to eat
3. increased nutrient requirements due to a disease process

Question 34

Reasons of weight loss in livestock

Answer 34

1. Bacterial/ viral infections
2. Parasitic infections
3. exposure to toxic substances, plants
4. Mineral deficiencies (cobalt)

Question 35

Results from intake of calories that exceed expenditure

Answer 35

Obesity

Question 36

An adipocyte hormone wherein it acts on receptors in hypothalamus where it inhibits appetite

Answer 36

Leptin

Question 37

Anorexia of infection (IL1)

Answer 37

Promotes the release of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor which suppresses feeding behavior

Question 38

Anorexia of infection (IL6)

Answer 38

Is associated with the insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 39

The habit of some animals of feeding on many different types of food
-Insatiable appetite

Answer 39

Polyphagia

Question 40

Primary polyphagia

Answer 40

-Brain
-destruction of satiety center by hypothalamic tumor
- overfeeding (Psychological in origin)

Question 41

Secondary Polyphagia (Physiological)

Answer 41

-Gestation
-Lactation
-Strenuous exercise
-Exposure to environmental temperatures

Question 42

Secondary Polyphagia (Pathological)

Answer 42

-disorders resulting in negative caloric balance
-Maldigestion
-Malabsorption
-Diabetes Mellitus
-Cushing’s disease