Clinical Cardiology concepts

Question 1

receives blood returning to the heart

Answer 1

Atria:

Question 2

pump blood from the heart

Answer 2

Ventricles:

Question 3

Roles of cardiovascular System

Answer 3

1. To provide nutrients to all organs
2. To provide a means to remove the effluents of metabolism

Question 4

Works as a muscular pump; to eject into the circulatory system the volume of blood required for the metabolic activity of the organs

Answer 4

Heart

Question 5

Have abundant amount of smooth muscle
Control the steady delivery of blood to the capillary beds
Control blood pressure via the degree of contraction of their smooth muscle in the vessel wall

Answer 5

Small vessels

Question 6

Site of diffusion of gases, nutrients, and waste products within each organ

Answer 6

CAPILLARY BEDS

Question 7

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right heart and delivers it to the lungs for carbon dioxide removal and oxygen loading
(Role of the Lungs)

Answer 7

Pulmonary arterial system

Question 8

Pulmonary venous system

Answer 8

Return the oxygenated blood to the left heart for distribution to the rest of the body

Question 9

Function of Pericardium

Answer 9

Limits cardiac distention with cardiac filling

Question 10

function of the right atrium

Answer 10

Serves as a storage reservoir for blood returning to the heart via the cranial and caudal vena cavae

Question 11

Functions of the right ventricle

Answer 11

• Receives all the blood from RA and expels this blood to the lungs for gas exchange

Question 12

Function of the left atrium

Answer 12

Serves as a storage reservoir for blood returning from the pulmonary veins

Question 13

Function of the left Ventricle

Answer 13

Receives blood from LA and expels this through the aorta to the organs of the body

Question 14

Promotes blood flow from atria to ventricles during diastole
(give the vavles)

Answer 14

A-V valves
-Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves

Question 15

Promote blood flow from ventricles into arterial vessels during systole

Answer 15

Semilunar valves
(Aortic and Pulmonary valves)

Question 16

Mechanism of Valve action

Answer 16

• when pressure is greater in front of the valve, it closes
  -When pressure is greater behind the valve, it opens

Question 17

Systole

Answer 17

The atria contract and eject the final amount of blood into the ventricles.
High ventricular pressure relative to the atria causes the AV valves to close, preventing backflow while the ventricles contract.

Question 18

Diastole

Answer 18

Myocardium is relaxed.
-The atria and ventricles fill passively.
AV valves allow blood to pass from the atria to the ventricles.
The aortic and pulmonary artery semilunar valves are closed because the blood in those vessels is at a higher pressure than the ventricles.

Question 19

Frank-starling law of the heart

Answer 19

States that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)

Question 20

Pressure in the circulatory system exerted by the volume of blood confined in blood vessels

Answer 20

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 21

Pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that tends to pull water into the circulatory system

Answer 21

Oncotic Pressure

Question 22

Excessive fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces

Answer 22

Edema

Question 23

Special nerve cells that sense blood pressure.

Answer 23

Baroreceptors

Question 24

Receptors located in the LA, RA, pulmonary arteries, and ventricular endocardium

Answer 24

Cardiopulmonary (stretch) receptors)

Question 25

Refers to sudden and transient loss of consciousness due to the temporary loss of cerebral perfusion

Answer 25

Syncope

Question 26

is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute, and it is dependent on the heart rate, contractility, preload, and afterload.

Answer 26

Cardiac output

Question 27

The force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction.
This force is composed of the volume that fills the heart from venous return.

Answer 27

Preload

Question 28

Factors that increase preload

Answer 28

-Venoconstriction
-Increased blood volume
-Reduced ejection of blood from the ventricle due to reduced contractility so that more blood is left over at the end of the last contraction

Question 29

Factors that reduce preload

Answer 29

-Venodilation
-Blood loss with reduced circulating blood volume

Question 30

also known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), isthe amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation

Answer 30

Afterload

Question 31

Afterload
a. increased by
b. Decreased by

Answer 31

-ventricular volume
-vasomotor tone
-ventricular wall thickness

Question 32

Refers to the inherent strength of the heart muscle (inotropy)
a. Factors that increase this

Answer 32

Contractility
a. Increased beta-adrenergic stimulation, preload
-reduced vagal tone
-positive inotropic agents

Question 33

Refers to the ease of ventricular filling in diastole (ability to stretch)

Answer 33

Distensibility

Question 34

the term used to refer to the distensible state of a cardiac chamber

Answer 34

Lusitropy

Question 35

How does distensibility affect cardiac performance

Answer 35

a. Reduced distensibility (LA/LV) show signs of left heart congestion: pulmonary edema, hypoxia
b. Reduced distensibility (RA/RV) show signs of Right heart congestion: Positive hepato-jugular reflux test, Pleural effusion

Question 36

(Cardiac arrhythmias)
Benign, physiologic or functional arrhythmias

Answer 36

2ND AV block
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus bradycardia
SA block
SA arrest

Question 37

(Cardiac arrhythmias)
Pathologic arrhythmias

Answer 37

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations
Supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia
3RD (complete) AV block