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General Principles of Veterinary Medicine > Neurological Examination I > Flashcards

Neurological Examination I Flashcards

1
Q

Sudden disruption of the brain’s normal electrical activity accompanied by altered consciousness and/or other neurological and behavioral manifestation

A

Seizures

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2
Q

Rhythmic, involuntary, oscillatory movements of body parts

A

Tremors

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3
Q

Behavior if cerebrum is affected

A

Dull, wandering, vocalizing, loss of cognitive function/ demented

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4
Q

behavior if diencephalon is affected

A

Increased/decreased appetite, water intake

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4
Q

neurologic history | brain stem, cerebrum

A

Stupor, obtunded < full mental capacity

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5
Q

is a decreased level of consciousness in which a patient requires vigorous physical stimuli to awaken.

A

stupor

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6
Q

True or false?
Cerebellar lesions, usually on the same side as the tremor in the lateral zone, which controls visually guided movements

A

True

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7
Q

occurs when the affected body part maintains position against gravity.
-not necessarily caused by neurologic disease but it can be due to neurologic weakness or pain

A

Postural/ action tremors

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8
Q

tonic spasm or temporary rigidity of one or more muscles. The inability of muscles to relax after contraction.

A

Myotonia

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9
Q

Seen as sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles in the limbs, pelvis or face. (in response to noise, flickering light, and sudden movement in the visual field.

A

Myoclonus

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10
Q

Frequent causes of myoclonus in dogs

A

Canine Distemper, lead poisoning, Lafora’s disease in Dogs

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11
Q

The test checks if the brain responds to noise and is a reliable way to see if a dog is deaf and to what extent.

A

BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) hearing test

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12
Q

Oral dysphagia (mouth)

A

jaw/tongue paralysis, dental disease, swelling or wasting of chewing muscles, inability to open mouth

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13
Q

Dog can grab food but show repeated attempts to swallow while flexing and extending head and neck, chewing excessively and gagging.

A

Pharyngeal dysphagia (pharynx)

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14
Q

Dog may succeed at swallowing after several attempts, but later gags, coughs and forcibly throws its food back up

A

Cricopharyngeal dysphagia (distal pharynx, near esophagus)

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15
Q

A brainstem pathway which receives sensory input (vision, auditory and somatic)
-directs these stimuli to the thalamus as part of the reticular activating system

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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16
Q

Patient is responsive to environmental stimuli but is lethargic

A

Depression

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17
Q

Patient is unresponsive to environmental stimuli but responds to painful stimuli

A

Stupor

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18
Q

Patient is not responsive to environmental or painful stimuli

A

Coma

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19
Q

Patient is alert, overactive, but responds inappropriately to stimuli

A

Delirium

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20
Q

(lesions) Opisthotonus

A

Lesions in brain stem or rostral cerebellum

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21
Q

(Lesions) Vetroflexion in cats

A

Brain stem or neuromuscular lesion

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22
Q

Dorsal curvature of the spine

A

Kyphosis

23
Q

Ventral curvature of the spine

A

Lordosis

24
Q

Lateral deviation of the spine

A

Scoliosis

25
Q

Twisting of the neck (Posture assessment)

A

Torticollis

26
Q

Limbs | Wide based stance is often seen?

A

with ataxia, abnormal conscious proprioception, and generalized weakness

27
Q

limbs | Knuckling is a result of?

A

proprioceptive deficit, LMN/UMN

28
Q

Increased tone in forelimbs with flaccid paralysis in hind limbs (Lesion between T2 and L4)

A

Schiff-Sherrington

29
Q

Increased tone in flexors and extensors (Strychnine poisoning and tetanus)

A

Tetany

30
Q

Opisthotonos, extension of thoracis limbs, flexion of pelvic limbs

A

Decerebellate rigidity

31
Q

Opisthotonos, Extension of all limbs, severely altered mentation

A

Decerebrate rigidity

32
Q
  1. Painful limbs are _____?
  2. Weak limbs are _____?
A
  1. carried
  2. dragged
33
Q

(strictly neurological) Inability to coordinate voluntary muscles movements

A

Ataxia

34
Q

Weakness related to a neurological condition, partial deficit of motor function

A

Paresis

35
Q

Complete loss of voluntary movement (-plegia) ( paraplegia, tetraplegia)

A

Paralysis

36
Q

Loss of sensitivity to the positions of joint and body parts which usually occurs when spinal cord is slowly compressed.
- crossing of the limbs, dragging of the toes, knuckling

A

Proprioceptive (Sensory) Ataxia

37
Q

Signs of sensory ataxia

A

Abnormal standing posture
- wobbly appearance
- Proprioceptive deficits
- limbs may swing to the side or cross beneath trunk

38
Q

Abnormality in the vestibular system - CN VIII. changes in head and neck position, as affected animal may feel a false sense of movement or may be having problems with hearing.

A

Vestibular ataxia

39
Q

Uncoordinated motor activity of the limbs, head, and neck, taking large neck, body tremors and body swaying
-Characterized dysmetria

A

Cerebellar Ataxia

40
Q

Inability to judge the rate, range, and force of muscular actions

A

Dysmetria

41
Q

Describes the action of overreaching, or high stepping, the intended object or location

A

Hypermetria

42
Q

Fine tremors present on initiation of voluntary movements

A

Intention tremors

43
Q

Refers to the complex series of responses that maintain an animal in an upright position

A

Postural Reactions

44
Q

Postural Reactions that may be assessed in Dogs and Cats

A
  • Conscious proprioception
  • Hopping
  • Wheelbarrowing
  • Hemiwalking
  • Extensor postural thrust
  • Tactile & visual placing reactions
  • Tonic neck responses
45
Q

Ability to sense body position, locations, orientation, & movement of the body and its parts

A

Proprioception
(Cerebral cortex)

46
Q

(Test) Dorsal part of the paw is placed on flat surface
-normal: return to normal position

A

Knuckling Test

47
Q

A progressive disease of the spinal cord in older dogs (onset 7-14 years old)
-mutated gene
- initially affects the back legs and causes muscle weakness and loss and lack of coordination

A

Degenerative Myelopathy
(No conscious proprioception)

48
Q

A test where the animal is held as such that most of its weight is borne on one limb and the animal is moved laterally.
-normal: animal hops on the limb while keeping the foot under the body for support

A

Hopping test

49
Q

Is done by supporting patient under the abdomen so pelvic limbs do not touch the floor and moving the patient forward.

A

Wheelbarrow test

50
Q

Is done by lifting limbs on one side and moving patient laterally

A

Hemiwalking/Hemistanding test

51
Q

The patient is supported by the thorax as its pelvic limbs are lowered to the floor.
- as the px’s limbs are lowered the animal extends the limbs.

A

Extensor Postural Thrust Reaction

52
Q

is performed by supporting the animal under the thorax and obscuring its vision. the distal thoracic limbs are brought in contact with the edge of the table

A

Tactile Placement

53
Q

Is tested by allowing the animal to see the table surface.

A

Visual placement

54
Q

Elevating dog’s head when it is standing increases tone in forelimbs and decreases tone in rear limbs

A

Tonic Neck Reaction

General Principles of Veterinary Medicine (12 decks)

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