Samuri - sport psych cheat sheet Flashcards
Equation of Steiners model of group productivity?
actual productivity = potential productivity - faulty processes
Three examples of faulty processes?
Ringleman effect (less productive as size of group increases, less attention)
Lack of teamwork
Poor tactics
Define Cohesion
The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals
What is social cohesion?
The interactions of individuals and how well they relate to each other.
What is task cohesion?
The interactions of group members and their effectiveness working together to achieve a common goal.
SMARTER
Specific
Measurable
Accepted
Realistic
Time-bound
Evaluated
Re-do
5 stages of Tuckmans theory of group formation?
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
Define anxiety
A level of nerves and irrational thinking.
What is competitive state anxiety?
Anxiety in a response to a specific situation.
Can be a specific match, or a specific moment within a match.
What is competitive trait anxiety?
When a performer feels anxious and nervous before all sporting events.
Anxiety is part of their genetic make-up.
Define aggression?
A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, mentally or physically.
Can be direct or indirect.
What is somatic anxiety?
Anxiety that is a physiological response to a threat.
Sweating
Shaking
Butterflys
What is cognitive anxiety?
Comes out as a psychological response.
Such as worrying about loosing or feeling stressed.
What are three methods to find out about anxiety levels?
Questionnaires
Observations
Physiological measures
What can aggression lead to?
Players becoming over-aroused.
What is the instinct theory of aggression?
Aggression is innate
All performers are born with a certain amount of aggression
Meaning they are more or less likely to become aggressive in certain situations.
What is the social learning theory of aggression?
Aggressive behaviour is learned from role models or significant others.
What is the aggressive cue hypothesis?
Frustration leads to aggression.
But, can only occur if certain cues are present.
What is frustration aggression hypothesis?
Aggression is the result of goals being blocked.
Leads to frustration, and an aggressive act taking place.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivation which comes from the performer themselves.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivation which comes from something other than the performer.
e.g. parents or coach.
What is the achievement goal theory?
Motivation depends on the type of goals set by the individual.
(outcome or task orientated.)
What are outcome orientated goals?
Based on beating others, regardless of how it is achieved.
What are task orientated goals?
Focuses on the process of success.
Set against performers own standards.
What is Atkinsons theory of achievement motivation? (equation)
Achievement motivation = drive to succeed - fear of failure.
What is nature?
The genetic and hereditary features that make us who we are.
What is nurture?
All of the environment variables that make us who we are.
What is the trait theory of personality?
Personality is pre-determined.
It will be the same in all situations.
What is the social learning theory of personality?
Our personality is down to NURTURE rather than nature.
Our personalities are learned from others via socialisation.
What is the interactionist perspective?
Combines trait and social learning theory.
Personality is a mixture of genetics and the influence of the enviroment.
Described by Lewin (B = F(E)) and Hollanders models
Features of an introvert?
Shy, thoughtful and enjoy being alone.
Features of an extrovert?
Sociable, enthusiastic and prone to boredom alone.
Three stages of Hollander’s model?
Psychological core (centre)
Typical responses
Role related behaviour (edge)
What is the psychological core?
Our inherited traits that are made up by our genetics.
What is Typical responses?
How our specific traits force us to react in a usual situation.
What is role-related behaviour?
An adaption to a different response in an unusual situation.
Three parts of the triadic model of attitude?
Cognitive component.
Affective component.
Behavioural component.
What is the cognitive component of the triadic model?
This is how you think about an attitude object.
What is the affective component of the triadic model?
How you feel about an attitude object.
What is the behavioural component of the triadic model?
How you behave towards an attitude object.
Define the Peak flow experience?
The maximum point of performance whereby confidence flows and skills feel easy to perform.
Four factors of the peak flow experience?
High levels of confidence.
sub-conscious feeling of control.
Clear goals.
Highly focusses on the task.
Two methods to change an attitude?
Cognitive Dissonance
Persuasive Communication
Define arousal?
A physical and mental state of alertness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement.
What is drive theory?
As arousal increases, so does performance
(no talk of drop after peak arousal)
What is the catastrophe theory?
As arousal increases so does performance up to an optimum point.
At this point there is a dramatic reduction in performance.
What is the inverted U theory?
As arousal increases so does performance.
Up to an optimum point of arousal.
After this point performance SLOWLY decreases.
graph looks like an upside-down U.
What is knowledge of performance feedback?
Concerned with technique and reasons why the skill was successful.
Useful for beginners and somewhat useful for experts.
What is knowledge of results feedback?
Concerned with the outcome and gives indication whether the skill was successful.
Useful for experts, can be de-motivating for beginners.
Positive feedback?
What was good - praise and encouragement
Useful for beginners and somewhat for experts.
Negative feedback?
Error and correction what is going wrong.
Useful for experts, de-motivating for beginners.
+ - of manual guidance?
+ builds confidence.
- performer may become dependant on the support.
+ - of mechanical guidance?
+ reduces fear and anxiety.
- Might not be possible for all sports.
+ - of visual guidance?
+ Useful for beginners who have never seen the skill.
- The demo must be accurate.
+ - of verbal guidance?
+ can give more technical information.
- Not all information might be taken in.
Three stages of learning?
Cognitive.
Associative.
Autonomous.
Factors of the cognitive stage?
Learn through observation and instruction.
Demonstrations help create mental image.
Rely on extrinsic feedback.
Factors of the Associative stage?
Practising and improving through trial and error.
Longest period.
Skill becomes Habitual (motor learned)
begins to use intrinsic feedback.
Factors of the Autonomous stage?
Skill is habitual and automatic
Performed with high levels of consistency.
Feedback rapid and largely intrinsic.
Who is the theorist for Observational learning?
Bandura.
Four stages of observational learning?
replicate the skills shown by others.
Attention.
Motivation.
Motor-production.
Retention.
Who is the theorist for Insight learning?
Gestalt.
What is done in insight learning?
Performers uses existing knowledge to overcome a challenging situation.
Uses their own cognitive process.
Who is the theorist for Operant conditioning?
Skinner.
What happens in operant conditioning?
Rewards and punishments used as positive and negative reinforcements.
To strengthen or weaken the stimulus-response bond.
Encourages change through trial and error.
Who is the theorist for Social Development theory?
Vygotsky.
What happens in the social development theory?
Learning by building on what is already known.
what i can do?
What i can do with help?
What can i not do yet?
What is the whole practise method?
Skill in its entirety without breaking it down.
Used by experts.
Used to teach discrete, highly-organised and self-paced skills.
Links the skill FLUENTLY.
What is the progressive part practise method?
Adding each part of the skill gradually.
Used by beginners (cognitive stage).
Used to teach serial, complex, lowly-organised and externally paced skills.
Reduces risk of injury.
Keeps motivation high.
Only appropriate for some sports.
What is the Whole-part-whole method?
Performs the whole skill.
Isolates individual parts for improvement.
Perform whole skill again.
Used by beginners and experts.
Used for Serial and complex skills.
Effective, but time consuming.
What is massed practise?
Skill is practised until learned, without a break.
Good for elite performers to create motor programmes quickly.
Can lead to injury (repetitive use of same muscles).
What is Distributed practise?
Skill is practised lots of sessions with rest.
Gets feedback.
Reduces boredom.
Progress can be slow and demotivating.
What is Variable practise?
Skill is practised in a variety of situations so it can be adapted.
Good for open Skills
Good for build up to games
May not develop motor programme.
What is mental practise?
A performer imagines themself taking part in a particular skill.
Build confidence and reduce anxiety.
Used without training can cause anxiety.
What is a discrete skill?
Clear beginning and end.
What is a serial skill?
Lots of discrete skills in order to make more integrated movement.
What is a continuous skill?
No clear beginning and end.
What is an open skill?
Performed in a variable and unpredictable environment.
What is a closed skill?
Performed in a stable and predictable environment - can be planned.
What is a basic skill?
Player finds easy and needs little concentration.
What is a complex skill?
Requires full concentration.
What is a high organisation skill?
Has more complicated phases - difficult to learn seperately.
What is a low organisation skill?
Clear, simple phases - easily broken down and learned.
What is a gross skill?
Uses large muscle groups which don’t need to be precise.
What is a fine skill?
uses smaller muscle groups which are more intricate and must be more precise.
What is a self-paced skill?
Performer controls the start and speed of skill.
What is an externally-paced skill?
Performer has no control over start or speed of the skill.
What is a positive skill transfer?
Learning of one skill helps the learning of another.
What is a negative skill transfer?
Learning of one skill HINDERS the learning of another.
What is a zero transfer?
Learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another.
What is bilateral transfer?
Learning of one skill is passed across the body, from one limb to another.
