Balls - anatomy cheat sheet Flashcards
Newton’s 3 laws?
1 - Law of inertia
2 - Law of acceleration
3 - Law of action/reaction
What is inertia?
The force required to change the state of motion.
What does newtons first law state?
Law of inertia
Unless acted on by an external force, an object at rest will remain at rest
A moving object will remain moving in a straight line.
What does Newtons second law state?
Law of acceleration
A force upon an object causes it to accelerate
Formula - Force (n) = mass x acceleration
What does Newtons third law state?
Law of action/reaction
For every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is a scalar quantity?
A measurement of size or magnitude
Without taking into account direction.
Define Centre of mass?
Where an objects mass is considered to be concentrated.
What is the centre of mass also known as?
‘Point of balance’
4 factors centre of mass depends on?
Height
Muscle mass
Body shape
Body position
4 factors affecting stability?
Area of base of support
Height of COM
Mass of performer
Position of line of gravity
What is angular motion?
Movement that takes place around as axis on a fixed point.
What is a torque?
Force created that turns the body around an axis.
How to calculate angular motion?
Moment of inertia x Angular velocity.
How to increase angular motion?
Tucking limbs in
Decreases moment of inertia
How to slow down angular motion?
Opening out limbs
Increases moment of inertia
What is Newtons first angular law?
A rotating body will continue with constant torque until an external force is acted upon it.
What is Newtons second angular law?
The rate of change of angular motion is PROPORTIONAL to the force of changing it.
What is Newtons third angular law?
When torque is applied, there will be an equal and opposite force.
What is Angular displacement?
Smallest change in angle between start and finish points of a rotation.
Measured in degrees.
What is angular velocity?
Rotational speed of an object.
(Rate of change of angular displacement)
What is angular acceleration?
Rate of change of angular velocity.
What does projectile motion refer to?
Factors affecting objects into the air.
E.g. a Javelin or shot put.
What is horizontal displacement?
Shortest distance from starting to finish point.
2 Factors affecting horizontal displacement?
Gravity
Air resistance
Terminology for flight path?
parabola
Three factors affecting parabola?
Height (higher better)
Speed (faster better)
Angle (45 degrees)
Define health?
A state of complete physical, emotional and social well being.
Not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Define fitness?
The ability to meet the demands of the environment.
How to work out max HR?
220 - age.
What happens during Vasoconstriction?
Blood vessels become narrower.
Lumen becomes smaller.
What happens during vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels
Lumen relaxes.
Define stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles each contraction.
Define cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute.
Equation for cardiac output?
HR x SV
How does oxygenated blood get back to the heart?
The pulmonary vein in through the left atrium
Where does blood leave the heart through?
The Aorta.
What is Bohr shift?
The movement of the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right.
3 Factors causing Bohr shift?
Increased Co2 into the blood stream.
Increased blood acidity (lower PH).
High temperature of blood.
What is A-VO2 diff?
The difference in the volume of oxygen in arterial blood and venous blood.
Order of Cardiac conduction system?
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje fibres
sophie now allows nothing because of Hennessys penis fondling.
When does the atrial contraction occur?
After Sinoatrial node
Why does the atrial contraction wait 0.1 seconds?
To allow the atria to complete the contration and fill with blood before ventricular contraction occurs.
Order of air into the lungs
Mouth
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
What happens during inhalation?
Intercostal muscles - contract. - pulling rib cage up and out.
Diaphragm contracts and flattens pulling down.
Air is drawn into lungs down a pressure gradient
What happens during exhalation?
Intercostal muscles - relax - pulling rib cage down and in.
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped.
Air is pushed out as chest volume decreases.
What parts of spirometer trace increases during exercise?
Tidal volume
Minute ventilation
What parts of the spirometer trace decrease during exercise?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume.
What part of the spirometer trace stay the same during exercise?
Residual Volume.
Spirometer trace
What is gas exchange?
Where the waste product carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and oxygen diffuses into the blood;
Where does gas exchange take place?
In the Alveoli.
How is gas exchange possible
Due to concentration gradients.
More O2 in alveoli than blood, diffuses down into blood.
Less Co2 in alveoli, diffuses into alveoli, out of blood.
High - low = along concentration gradient
Doesnt require ATP (energy)
What happens to Co2 after the alveoli?
Travels up the bronchioles to the bronchi.
Then to the trachea to be exhaled.
Three detectors to regulate pulmonary ventilation.
Chemoreceptors (co2)
Baroreceptors (blood pressure)
Proprioreceptors (muscle force)
5 Negative effects of smoking?
Irritation of the trachea and bronchi (mucus- smokers cough).
Damaged cillia.
Nicotine constricts the bronchioles.
Carbon monoxide exposure.
Damaged alveoli.
Terminology for type 1 muscle fibres?
Slow twitch
Slow oxidative
Terminology for type 2a muscle fibres (IIa)?
Fast twitch
Fast oxidative glycolytic
Terminology for type 2x muscle fibres (IIx)?
Very fast twitch
Fast glycolytic
How is proportion of muscle fibres made up?
Mainly genetic.
Training can also affect the muscle fibre composition.
Factors of Slow oxidative (1) muscle fibres?
Slow twitch
Slow contractions
Aerobic activity
high amounts of mitochondria, generate ATP.
e.g. Maraton
Factors of Fast oxidative glycolytic (2a) muscle fibres?
Fast twitch
Fast contractions
Fatigue relatively quickly
e.g. 800m
Factors of Fast glycolytic (2x) muscle fibres?
Very fast twitch
Very fast contractions
Fatigue very quickly
lots of glucose.
e.g. 100m
What is a motor unit?
Consists of one type of muscle fibre and a motor neurone which transmits signals to the brain to the muscle fibres in the motor unit.
What is the all or none law?
For a stimulus to result in a muscle contraction, the stimulus strength must be high enough to reach the THRESHOLD for all muscle fibres within a motor unit.
What is Wave summation?
Where a greater frequency in nerve impulses results in a more powerful contraction.
what is a tetanic contraction?
A sustained muscle contraction as the impulses are fast enough that they run together and the motor neurone is maximally stimulated.
What is spatial summation?
Multiple motor units are recruited in order to increase the strength of a muscle contraction.
What does PNF stand for?
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
What is PNF?
An advanced stretching technique used to increase flexibility.
What are the proprioreceptors involved in PNF?
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs.
What do muscle spindles do?
Located within skeletal muscle fibres.
Send a signal to the medulla oblongata if a muscle is overstretching
What do golgi-tendon organs do?
Located within collagen fibres in tendons.
Detect tension levels within a muscle to see if the muscle contracts isometrically.
FAAS?
Frontal plane
Addution - towards midline
Abduction - away from midline
Sagittal axis
SEFT?
Sagittal plane
Extension
Flexion
Transverse axis
TRL?
Transverse plane
Rotation
Longitudinal axis
Muscle pairs?
Agonist pulls
Antagonist relaxes
How can hinge joints move?
Only backwards and forewords.
3 examples of Hinge joints?
Knee
Elbow
Ankle
What are ball and socket joints?
When a long bone fit into a cup shaped hole.
Allowing circumduction.
2 examples of ball and socket joints?
Shoulder
Hip
What is a synovial joint?
A place where 2 or more bones meet.
Which way is plantar and dorsi-flexion
Plantar - down
Dorsi - up
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
when a muscle contracts but its length does not change
What is an isoTONIC muscle contraction?
Tonic water (bubbles)
A muscle contracts and a movement is present
Two forms of isotonic muscle contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
What is a Concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens therefore generating force.
What is an Eccentric contraction?
Muscle lengthens due to a greater opposing force.
Bicep and Tricep?
Bicep Brachii
Tricep Brachii
Three parts of the deltoid?
Anterior - Front (move forewords) Medial - middle (move sideways)
Posterior - rear (back) (move backwards)
Abduction and Adduction.
AMP
Body muscles
Where is the pectoralius minor?
Side of chest
Bones
Define Aeorobic respiration?
The usual process for releasing energy for your muscles.
Occurs with oxygen.
What is the equation for Aerobic resporation?
Glucose + oxygen = energy + co2 + water.
What is Anaerobic respiration?
When your muscles have to work at a very intense level.
Occurs without oxygen.
Equation for Anaerobic respiraion?
Glucose = energy + lactic acid.
3 stages of the Aerobic respiration?
Glycolisis
The Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain.
ATP full name?
Adenosine Triphosphate
How many ATP are produced due to aerobic energy production?
Up to 38.
Where does Glycolisis take place?
Cytoplasm
(glycolisis) What are carbohydrates in the form of?
Glucose
Glycogen
(glycolisis) How is glucose and glycogen prepared
by being broken down by a series of chemical reactions to Pryuvate.
(glycolisis) What does the production of pyruvate allow?
The resynthisis of ATP
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
In the Mitochondria
(Krebs) What does the pyruvate then form?
Acetyle-coenzyme A
(Krebs) What joins the Krebs cycle?
The ‘Acetyle group’
(Krebs) What combines with Acetyle-coenzyme A?
Fatty acids
(Krebs) What then happens with acetyle-coenzyme A?
Beta oxidation occurs.
(Krebs) What is beta oxidation?
The breakdown of fatty acids in order to provide ATP.
(Krebs) What does this form?
Citric acid
(Krebs) What does citric acid result in?
Hydrogen atoms being removed from other chemicals involved.
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Inner membrane of the Mitochondria.
(ETC) What part of the Krebs cycle comes in?
The Hydrogen atoms.
(ETC) What happens to the hydrogen atoms?
they are oxidised to produce water and ATP.
What are the two anaerobic energy systems?
ATP-PC system
Lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolytic system)
Where does the ATP-PC system take place?
In the cytoplasm of the muscle cell.
(ATP-PC) What does PC stand for?
Phosphocreatine
(ATP-PC) What can it do?
Supply energy for maximal intensity activity over a short period of time (10s)
(ATP-PC) Where has a store of Phosphocreatine?
In the muscles.
(ATP-PC) What is PC broken down into?
Phosphate and creatine
(ATP-PC) What does the breakdown of PC lead to?
One molecule of ATP being produced.
(LA) What can it do?
Supply energy for submaximal intensity exercise for up to 3 minutes
(LA) What % is submaximal exercise?
Up to 85%
(LA) What does this system lead to?
The speeding up of the Krebs cycle.
(LA) Why does it speed up the Krebs cycle?
To produce energy at a faster rate.
(LA) What goes wrong?
The cells cannot keep up with this speed, resulting in not enough pryuvate or oxygen being produced.
(LA) So what is produced?
Lactic acid
Causing pain and fatigue in the muscles.
What is Vo2 max?
The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed by the working muscles per minute.
5 Factors affecting Vo2 max?
Age
Gender
Body composition
Genetics
Training
3 measures of energy expenditure
Indirect calorimetery
lactate sampling
Vo2 max.
What is lactate accumilation?
The increase of lactate as a result of anaerobic activity.
What is a lactate threshold?
The point during exercise which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood.
What does OBLA stand for?
Onset blood lactate accumulation.
What is OBLA?
The point at which blood lactate levels go above 4 mmol per l.
4 Factors affecing Lactate accumilation?
Intensity of exercise
Fitness of the performer
VO2 max of performer
Performer’s OBLA.
Why does EPOC take place?
Resyntisise ATP levels.
Repays oxygen debt and breaks down lactic acid.
To resaturate myglobin with oxygen.
EPOC graph
2 components of EPOC?
Lactacid (slow) and Alactacid (fast)
Alactacid
Restores phosphocreatine with ATP quickly.
50% in 30s
100% in 3 minutes
Lactacid
Removes lactic acid, takes longer.
What does Bernoullies principle state?
“Air moves from high pressure to low pressure causing lift.”
