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A level Pe (me) > Balls - anatomy cheat sheet > Flashcards

Balls - anatomy cheat sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 3 laws?

A

1 - Law of inertia
2 - Law of acceleration
3 - Law of action/reaction

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2
Q

What is inertia?

A

The force required to change the state of motion.

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3
Q

What does newtons first law state?

A

Law of inertia
Unless acted on by an external force, an object at rest will remain at rest
A moving object will remain moving in a straight line.

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4
Q

What does Newtons second law state?

A

Law of acceleration
A force upon an object causes it to accelerate
Formula - Force (n) = mass x acceleration

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5
Q

What does Newtons third law state?

A

Law of action/reaction
For every action (force), there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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6
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

A measurement of size or magnitude
Without taking into account direction.

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7
Q

Define Centre of mass?

A

Where an objects mass is considered to be concentrated.

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8
Q

What is the centre of mass also known as?

A

‘Point of balance’

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9
Q

4 factors centre of mass depends on?

A

Height
Muscle mass
Body shape
Body position

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10
Q

4 factors affecting stability?

A

Area of base of support
Height of COM
Mass of performer
Position of line of gravity

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11
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Movement that takes place around as axis on a fixed point.

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12
Q

What is a torque?

A

Force created that turns the body around an axis.

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13
Q

How to calculate angular motion?

A

Moment of inertia x Angular velocity.

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14
Q

How to increase angular motion?

A

Tucking limbs in
Decreases moment of inertia

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15
Q

How to slow down angular motion?

A

Opening out limbs
Increases moment of inertia

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16
Q

What is Newtons first angular law?

A

A rotating body will continue with constant torque until an external force is acted upon it.

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17
Q

What is Newtons second angular law?

A

The rate of change of angular motion is PROPORTIONAL to the force of changing it.

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18
Q

What is Newtons third angular law?

A

When torque is applied, there will be an equal and opposite force.

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19
Q

What is Angular displacement?

A

Smallest change in angle between start and finish points of a rotation.
Measured in degrees.

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20
Q

What is angular velocity?

A

Rotational speed of an object.
(Rate of change of angular displacement)

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21
Q

What is angular acceleration?

A

Rate of change of angular velocity.

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22
Q

What does projectile motion refer to?

A

Factors affecting objects into the air.
E.g. a Javelin or shot put.

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23
Q

What is horizontal displacement?

A

Shortest distance from starting to finish point.

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24
Q

2 Factors affecting horizontal displacement?

A

Gravity
Air resistance

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25
Q

Terminology for flight path?

A

parabola

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26
Q

Three factors affecting parabola?

A

Height (higher better)
Speed (faster better)
Angle (45 degrees)

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27
Q

Define health?

A

A state of complete physical, emotional and social well being.
Not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

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28
Q

Define fitness?

A

The ability to meet the demands of the environment.

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29
Q

How to work out max HR?

A

220 - age.

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30
Q

What happens during Vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels become narrower.
Lumen becomes smaller.

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31
Q

What happens during vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels
Lumen relaxes.

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32
Q

Define stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles each contraction.

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33
Q

Define cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute.

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34
Q

Equation for cardiac output?

A

HR x SV

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35
Q

How does oxygenated blood get back to the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein in through the left atrium

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36
Q

Where does blood leave the heart through?

A

The Aorta.

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37
Q

What is Bohr shift?

A

The movement of the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right.

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38
Q

3 Factors causing Bohr shift?

A

Increased Co2 into the blood stream.
Increased blood acidity (lower PH).
High temperature of blood.

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39
Q

What is A-VO2 diff?

A

The difference in the volume of oxygen in arterial blood and venous blood.

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40
Q

Order of Cardiac conduction system?

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje fibres

sophie now allows nothing because of Hennessys penis fondling.

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41
Q

When does the atrial contraction occur?

A

After Sinoatrial node

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42
Q

Why does the atrial contraction wait 0.1 seconds?

A

To allow the atria to complete the contration and fill with blood before ventricular contraction occurs.

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43
Q

Order of air into the lungs

A

Mouth
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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44
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles - contract. - pulling rib cage up and out.
Diaphragm contracts and flattens pulling down.
Air is drawn into lungs down a pressure gradient

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45
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles - relax - pulling rib cage down and in.
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped.
Air is pushed out as chest volume decreases.

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46
Q

What parts of spirometer trace increases during exercise?

A

Tidal volume
Minute ventilation

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47
Q

What parts of the spirometer trace decrease during exercise?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume.

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48
Q

What part of the spirometer trace stay the same during exercise?

A

Residual Volume.

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49
Q

Spirometer trace

A
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50
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Where the waste product carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and oxygen diffuses into the blood;

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51
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

In the Alveoli.

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52
Q

How is gas exchange possible

A

Due to concentration gradients.
More O2 in alveoli than blood, diffuses down into blood.
Less Co2 in alveoli, diffuses into alveoli, out of blood.
High - low = along concentration gradient
Doesnt require ATP (energy)

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53
Q

What happens to Co2 after the alveoli?

A

Travels up the bronchioles to the bronchi.
Then to the trachea to be exhaled.

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54
Q

Three detectors to regulate pulmonary ventilation.

A

Chemoreceptors (co2)
Baroreceptors (blood pressure)
Proprioreceptors (muscle force)

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55
Q

5 Negative effects of smoking?

A

Irritation of the trachea and bronchi (mucus- smokers cough).
Damaged cillia.
Nicotine constricts the bronchioles.
Carbon monoxide exposure.
Damaged alveoli.

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56
Q

Terminology for type 1 muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch
Slow oxidative

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57
Q

Terminology for type 2a muscle fibres (IIa)?

A

Fast twitch
Fast oxidative glycolytic

58
Q

Terminology for type 2x muscle fibres (IIx)?

A

Very fast twitch
Fast glycolytic

59
Q

How is proportion of muscle fibres made up?

A

Mainly genetic.
Training can also affect the muscle fibre composition.

60
Q

Factors of Slow oxidative (1) muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch
Slow contractions
Aerobic activity
high amounts of mitochondria, generate ATP.
e.g. Maraton

61
Q

Factors of Fast oxidative glycolytic (2a) muscle fibres?

A

Fast twitch
Fast contractions
Fatigue relatively quickly
e.g. 800m

62
Q

Factors of Fast glycolytic (2x) muscle fibres?

A

Very fast twitch
Very fast contractions
Fatigue very quickly
lots of glucose.
e.g. 100m

63
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Consists of one type of muscle fibre and a motor neurone which transmits signals to the brain to the muscle fibres in the motor unit.

64
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

For a stimulus to result in a muscle contraction, the stimulus strength must be high enough to reach the THRESHOLD for all muscle fibres within a motor unit.

65
Q

What is Wave summation?

A

Where a greater frequency in nerve impulses results in a more powerful contraction.

66
Q

what is a tetanic contraction?

A

A sustained muscle contraction as the impulses are fast enough that they run together and the motor neurone is maximally stimulated.

67
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Multiple motor units are recruited in order to increase the strength of a muscle contraction.

68
Q

What does PNF stand for?

A

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.

69
Q

What is PNF?

A

An advanced stretching technique used to increase flexibility.

70
Q

What are the proprioreceptors involved in PNF?

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs.

71
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Located within skeletal muscle fibres.
Send a signal to the medulla oblongata if a muscle is overstretching

72
Q

What do golgi-tendon organs do?

A

Located within collagen fibres in tendons.
Detect tension levels within a muscle to see if the muscle contracts isometrically.

73
Q

FAAS?

A

Frontal plane
Addution - towards midline
Abduction - away from midline
Sagittal axis

74
Q

SEFT?

A

Sagittal plane
Extension
Flexion
Transverse axis

75
Q

TRL?

A

Transverse plane
Rotation
Longitudinal axis

76
Q

Muscle pairs?

A

Agonist pulls
Antagonist relaxes

77
Q

How can hinge joints move?

A

Only backwards and forewords.

78
Q

3 examples of Hinge joints?

A

Knee
Elbow
Ankle

79
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

When a long bone fit into a cup shaped hole.
Allowing circumduction.

80
Q

2 examples of ball and socket joints?

A

Shoulder
Hip

81
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A place where 2 or more bones meet.

82
Q

Which way is plantar and dorsi-flexion

A

Plantar - down
Dorsi - up

83
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

when a muscle contracts but its length does not change

84
Q

What is an isoTONIC muscle contraction?

A

Tonic water (bubbles)
A muscle contracts and a movement is present

85
Q

Two forms of isotonic muscle contractions?

A

Concentric
Eccentric

86
Q

What is a Concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens therefore generating force.

87
Q

What is an Eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthens due to a greater opposing force.

88
Q

Bicep and Tricep?

A

Bicep Brachii
Tricep Brachii

89
Q

Three parts of the deltoid?

A

Anterior - Front (move forewords) Medial - middle (move sideways)
Posterior - rear (back) (move backwards)
Abduction and Adduction.
AMP

90
Q

Body muscles

A
91
Q

Where is the pectoralius minor?

A

Side of chest

92
Q

Bones

A
93
Q

Define Aeorobic respiration?

A

The usual process for releasing energy for your muscles.
Occurs with oxygen.

94
Q

What is the equation for Aerobic resporation?

A

Glucose + oxygen = energy + co2 + water.

95
Q

What is Anaerobic respiration?

A

When your muscles have to work at a very intense level.
Occurs without oxygen.

96
Q

Equation for Anaerobic respiraion?

A

Glucose = energy + lactic acid.

97
Q

3 stages of the Aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolisis
The Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain.

98
Q

ATP full name?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

99
Q

How many ATP are produced due to aerobic energy production?

A

Up to 38.

100
Q

Where does Glycolisis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

101
Q

(glycolisis) What are carbohydrates in the form of?

A

Glucose
Glycogen

102
Q

(glycolisis) How is glucose and glycogen prepared

A

by being broken down by a series of chemical reactions to Pryuvate.

103
Q

(glycolisis) What does the production of pyruvate allow?

A

The resynthisis of ATP

104
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the Mitochondria

105
Q

(Krebs) What does the pyruvate then form?

A

Acetyle-coenzyme A

106
Q

(Krebs) What joins the Krebs cycle?

A

The ‘Acetyle group’

107
Q

(Krebs) What combines with Acetyle-coenzyme A?

A

Fatty acids

108
Q

(Krebs) What then happens with acetyle-coenzyme A?

A

Beta oxidation occurs.

109
Q

(Krebs) What is beta oxidation?

A

The breakdown of fatty acids in order to provide ATP.

110
Q

(Krebs) What does this form?

A

Citric acid

111
Q

(Krebs) What does citric acid result in?

A

Hydrogen atoms being removed from other chemicals involved.

112
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner membrane of the Mitochondria.

113
Q

(ETC) What part of the Krebs cycle comes in?

A

The Hydrogen atoms.

114
Q

(ETC) What happens to the hydrogen atoms?

A

they are oxidised to produce water and ATP.

115
Q

What are the two anaerobic energy systems?

A

ATP-PC system
Lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolytic system)

116
Q

Where does the ATP-PC system take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of the muscle cell.

117
Q

(ATP-PC) What does PC stand for?

A

Phosphocreatine

118
Q

(ATP-PC) What can it do?

A

Supply energy for maximal intensity activity over a short period of time (10s)

119
Q

(ATP-PC) Where has a store of Phosphocreatine?

A

In the muscles.

120
Q

(ATP-PC) What is PC broken down into?

A

Phosphate and creatine

121
Q

(ATP-PC) What does the breakdown of PC lead to?

A

One molecule of ATP being produced.

122
Q

(LA) What can it do?

A

Supply energy for submaximal intensity exercise for up to 3 minutes

123
Q

(LA) What % is submaximal exercise?

A

Up to 85%

124
Q

(LA) What does this system lead to?

A

The speeding up of the Krebs cycle.

125
Q

(LA) Why does it speed up the Krebs cycle?

A

To produce energy at a faster rate.

126
Q

(LA) What goes wrong?

A

The cells cannot keep up with this speed, resulting in not enough pryuvate or oxygen being produced.

127
Q

(LA) So what is produced?

A

Lactic acid
Causing pain and fatigue in the muscles.

128
Q

What is Vo2 max?

A

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed by the working muscles per minute.

129
Q

5 Factors affecting Vo2 max?

A

Age
Gender
Body composition
Genetics
Training

130
Q

3 measures of energy expenditure

A

Indirect calorimetery
lactate sampling
Vo2 max.

131
Q

What is lactate accumilation?

A

The increase of lactate as a result of anaerobic activity.

132
Q

What is a lactate threshold?

A

The point during exercise which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood.

133
Q

What does OBLA stand for?

A

Onset blood lactate accumulation.

134
Q

What is OBLA?

A

The point at which blood lactate levels go above 4 mmol per l.

135
Q

4 Factors affecing Lactate accumilation?

A

Intensity of exercise
Fitness of the performer
VO2 max of performer
Performer’s OBLA.

136
Q

Why does EPOC take place?

A

Resyntisise ATP levels.
Repays oxygen debt and breaks down lactic acid.
To resaturate myglobin with oxygen.

137
Q

EPOC graph

A
138
Q

2 components of EPOC?

A

Lactacid (slow) and Alactacid (fast)

139
Q

Alactacid

A

Restores phosphocreatine with ATP quickly.
50% in 30s
100% in 3 minutes

140
Q

Lactacid

A

Removes lactic acid, takes longer.

141
Q

What does Bernoullies principle state?

A

“Air moves from high pressure to low pressure causing lift.”

A level Pe (me) (8 decks)

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