ALL DEFINITIONS AQA SPEC Flashcards
Everything but balls angular and projectile motion, all PGE retake topics
Anticipatory rise
An increase in heart rate prior to exercise, due to the release of adrenalin.
A-VO2 diff
The difference in oxygen content of the blood between arterial blood and venous blood
Systolic blood pressure
Blood pressure while the heart is contracting
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
Diastolic blood pressure
Blood pressure when the heart is relaxing
High blood pressure
Can occur due to obesity, too much salt, stress or smoking.
Bohr shift
When the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right during exercise.
Why does Bohr shift occur?
as a result of increased co2 in blood, increased blood acidity, decreased blood PH, increased temperature.
Cardiac conduction system
A group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart sending signals causing it to contract.
Why does cardiovascular drift occur?
Due to sweating which reduces blood volume and increases viscosity. Decreasing venous return, in line with starlings law, decreases stroke volume.
Heat
Humidity
Bradycardia (Athletes heart)
A reduction in resting heart rate below 60 bpm.
Bundle of HIS
Conducts the impulse down the septum.
Sino-atrial node (SAN)
The hearts pacemaker, sends an impulse through the atria making it contract.
Atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
Delays the impulse to allow ventricular filling.
0.1 s
Purkinje fibres
Spread the impulse through the ventricles causing them to contract.
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood which leaves the left ventricle per minute.
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Increase in thickness of the muscular heart wall, especially around the left ventricle.
Heart rate
Number of times the heart contracts per minute.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood which leaves the left ventricle per contraction.
Cardiovascular Drift
A reduction in stroke volume when exercising in warm conditions for longer than 10 minutes.
Heart Disease
Occurs when coronary blood vessels become blocked by fatty deposits, called atheroma.
Haemoglobin
Found in red blood cells.
Combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin transporting it around the body.
Myoglobin
Found in muscle cells, stores and transports oxygen.
Higher affinity for oxygen then haemoglobin.
Baroreceptors
Located in blood vessels, these detect changes in blood pressure.
Proprioceptors
Detect increases in muscle movement during exercise.
Chemoreceptors
Monitors and detects increases in blood acidity during exercise due to increased Co2 in the blood.
Vasoconstriction
Precapillary sphincters contract, decreaseing the diameter of the blood vessel.
Vasodilation
Precapillary sphincters relax, widening diameter of the blood vessel.
Vascular Shunt
Directs blood around the body by the two mechanisms of Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction.
Starling’s law of the heart
Increased venous return will result in a higher stroke volume.
Due to cardiac muscle being stretched, resulting in a stronger force of contraction and greater ejection fraction.
Sympathetic nervous system
Controlled by medulla oblongata, is the body’s ‘fight or flight’ system speeding up heart rate.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Controlled by Medulla Oblongata, is concerned with ‘rest and digest’, decreasing heart rate.
Venous return mechanisms
Body’s mechanisms to return blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.
Respiratory pump (Venous return mechanisms)
Changes of pressure in the thorax compress veins to push blood back towards the heart.
Valves (Venous return mechanisms)
Found in veins that prevent backflow of blood.
Skeletal muscle pump (Venous return mechanisms)
Working muscles contract and compress veins to push blood back towards the heart.
suction pump of the heart (Venous return mechanisms)
As the heart relaxes it creates a vacuum which pulls blood back towards the heart.
Smooth muscle (Venous return mechanisms)
Found in veins, smooth muscle contracts to push blood back towards the heart.
Expiratory reserve volume
The volume of air which could be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume.
Diffusion
The movement of gases from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure
Minute ventilation
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute.
Breathing rate x Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air which could be forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume.
Tidal Volume
Volume of air breathed in or out per breath.
Residual Volume
The volume of air which must remain in the lungs after maximal expiration.
This is to prevent the lungs from collapsing.
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases.
All or none law
Impulses arriving at the neuron must reach a threshold level. If they do all of the muscles in the motor unit will contract.
If they don’t none will contract
A motor unit cannot partially contract.
Tetanic contraction
A smooth sustained muscle contraction.
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (Type 2a)
Produce a high force and speed of contraction, primarily through anaerobic respiration.
Limited aerobic capacity allows some fatigue resistance.
Fast glycolytic (Type 2x)
Produce the highest force and speed of contraction, via anaerobic respiration.
Highly susceptible to fatigue.
Golgi tendon organs
Proprioceptors which are active when there are high levels of tension in a muscle.
Motor units
A motor neuron and its muscle fibres.
Motor neuron
The nerve cell which transmit electrical impulses to muscle fibres.
Muscle spindles
Proprioceptors which detect how far or fast a muscle is stretching, prevent overstretching.
PNF
Advanced stretching technique, most effective method of increasing range of motion at a joint.
Spatial Summation
The addition of impulses received at the same time, but at a different location to the neuron.
When added together, the impulses are large enough an action potential will be released.
Slow twitch (type 1)
Low force and speed of contraction, via aerobic respiration.
Highly fatigue resistant.
Adduction
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
Wave summation
Repeated nerve impulse which does not allow the muscle fibres time to fully relax.
This results in a tetanic reaction.
Abduction
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Antagonist
The muscle working in opposition to the agonist to help produce a smooth movement.
Isometric contraction
The muscle contracts but no movement occurs.
Transverse axis
Through the hips
Axis
Imaginary line through the body around which it rotates.
Agonist
The muscle responsible for the movement which is occurring.
Articulating bones
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.
Longitudinal axis
Through the top of the head down and out the bottom of the feet.
Dorsi flexion
Decreasing the angle at the ankle joint.
Sagittal axis
Through the belly button
Shoulder
Ball and socket joint made up of the scapula and humerus
Elbow
Hinge joint, made up of the humerus, radius and ulna
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint.
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint.
Hip
Ball and socket joint, made up of the pelvis and femur.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body while held parallel to the ground.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body while held parallel to the ground.
Hyperextension
Increasing the angle at a joint beyond 180 degrees.
Lactate threshold
The point at which lactic acid accumulates quickly in the blood.
IsoTONIC concentric
The muscle contracts and shortens producing movement.
IsoTONIC eccentric
The muscle lengthens under tension controlling the speed of the movement caused by gravity.
Plane
Imaginary lines depicting the direction of movement
Knee
Hinge joint, made up of femur and tibia.
Saggital plane
Forewords or backwords (flexion and extension)
Frontal plane
Left or right (adduction and abduction)
Plantar flexion
Increasing the angle at the ankle
Transverse plane
Rotation around the longitudinal axis
HIIT training
Alternating periods of high intense anaerobic exercise with less intense, aerobic, recovery periods.
Externally-paced skill
Have their start and speed at which they are performed dictated by external factors.
Indirect Calorimetry
Provides an estimation of energy expenditure from the amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed during rest and steady-state exercise.
Lactate sampling
A tiny blood sample taken to be analysed by a device.
Measures how much lactate is present in the blood.
OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)
The point at which lactic acid exceeds 4mmols per litre in the blood.
Oxygen deficit
The difference between the oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen supplied and utilised.
Occurs at the onset of exercise.
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed.
SAQ training
Anaerobic method of training aiming to improve multi-directional movement.
Vo2 Max
Using a mask on a treadmill in a lab
Discrete skill
Clear beginning and end.
Simple skill
Require few decisions to be made when performing, minimal concentration.
Continuous skill
No clear beginning or end.
Serial skill
Several skills linked together.
Gross skill
Large muscle groups
Low organisation skill
Easy to break down into sub routines.
Fine skill
Smaller muscle groups
Self-paced skill
Allow the performer to decide when they start and how fast they perform.
Open skill
Unstable, ever changing environments.
High organisation skill
Difficult to break down into sub routines.
Closed skill
Stable, unchanging environments.
Variable practise
Repeatedly changing practise types, drills, or situation.
Complex skill
High levels of decisions, require high concentration.
Negative transfer
The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.
Zero transfer
The learning of one skill has no effect on the learning of another.
Positive transfer
The learning of one skill aids the learning of another.
Distributed practise
Practising with rest intervals
Bilateral transfer
The learning of a skill using a limb on one side of the body can be transferred across the limb on the other side of the body.
Whole practise
Practising a skill in its entirety.
e.g. subroutine ABC all together.
Whole-part-whole practise
Demonstrating a skill in its entirety to identify a weakness. Practising the weakness in isolation.
Putting it all back together.
Massed practise
Practising without rest intervals
Progressive part practise
Learning the first part of the skill before adding parts one at a time.
‘chaining’.
Mental practise
Rehearsing a skill in your head with no physical movement.
Negative reinforcement (OC SKINNER)
The removal of undesirable stimulus after the correct response.
Positive reinforcement (OC SKINNER)
Introduction of a desirable stimulus following the correct response.
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within the performer.
Extrinsic feedback
Feedback from external sources.
Punishment (OC SKINNER)
Introduction of an undesirable stimuli after the incorrect response.
Knowledge of results
Feedback about the outcome of the skill.
Knowledge of performance
Feedback about the execution of the skill.
Manual guidance
A coach can physically support an athlete during a movement.
Mechanical guidance
The use of artificial aids to support an athlete during a movement.
Industrial Revolution
The change in Britain from a feudal, rural society, into a capitalist, urban based society controlled by a powerful middle class.
Positive feedback
Feedback about what went well.
Negative feedback
Feedback about what went wrong. The correction of errors.
Mob football
An early form of football played by the lower class.
Played occasionally, using natural resources with limited rules, resulted in being unruly.
Visual guidance
Providing information which can be observed to bring about an improvement in performance.
Verbal Guidance
Using spoken words to bring about an improvement in performance.
Kinesthesis
Your inner awareness of the positioning of your body
Feudal system
The basis of the two tier class system where the lower class would hold land owned by the upper class in exchange for service and labour.
Popular recreation
The sport and past times of pre-industrial Britain.
Real tennis
Also known as ‘royal tennis’, played by upper class on purpose built facilities with specialist equipment.
Had strict rules and a high moral code.
Gentleman Amateur
Amateurs held high status, best performers demonstrating high morality and sportsmanship.
Held top positions in NGB’s.
Working class professionals
Working class had to be paid wage to afford to take time off work to play sport so broken time payments emerged creating first professionals.
Industrial patronage
Factors owners set up some sport teams to decrease absenteeism by encouraging loyalty in the workforce.
Wenlock Olympic games
Started in 1850, lower class olympics.
Media
Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication.
Rational recreation
Development of sport with greater organisation, order and control.
Sports became codified with rules.
Commercialisation
To manage an organisation in a way designed to make profit.
Muscular Christianity
The church used sport as a form of social control, promoting christian values.
Urbanisation
The migration of large numbers of people to towns and cities.
Features of an Amateur
Takes part in an activity as a hobby.
Has a main job outside the activity.
Takes part in activity for fun.
Golden Triangle
Link between sports events, sponsorship by businesses and the media.
Sponsorship
Provides funds to support an individual or event for commercial return.
Professional
Someone who receives direct payment for their participation in sporting activities.
Prejudice
A preconceived opinion of an individual that is not based on reason.
Social action theory
Considers how sport can impact society and social interactions.
Primary socialisation
Occurs during early childhood via interactions with immediate family.
Secondary socialisation
Wider group when slightly older, friends, teachers.
Social issues
Problems which can affect many people within a society.
Social control
The way people are regulated in social systems.
Social change
Altering the social order of society.
Social stratification
Society is divided into different levels based on social characteristics, such as wealth or status.
Society
An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or who hold a shared common interest.
Sport England
Established by Royal charter in 1996, aims to give everyone in England a chance to benefit from physical activity.
Stereotyping
Simple generalisations made about all members of a group.
Three stages of Hollanders model
Psychological core
Typical response
Role related behaviour
Psychological core (Hollander)
Stable characteristics or traits.
Typical response (Hollander)
Usual or expected behaviour in a given situation, dictated by the psychological core.
Role related behaviour (Hollander)
How behaviour can be further modified when the situational demands change
Lewin’s formula
Behaviour is a function of personality and the environment.
Trait approach
Innate characteristics dictate your personality producing consistent behaviours. (nature)
Social learning
Personality is learned from significant others via the process of socialisation (nurture)
Cognitive dissonance
Providing new information to create a feeling of psychological discomfort by challenging an existing attitude.
Attitude
A value aimed at an attitude object.
Arousal
A physical and mental state of alertness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement.
Triadic model
Cognitive, affective, behavioural.
Persuasive communication
Attempting to talk a person into changing their attitude.
Catastrophe theory
As arousal increases so does performance, up to a certain point at which a dramatic decrease in performance occurs.
Drive theory
As arousal increases so does performance.
Aggression
An emotional response to an individual perceived as a frustrating rival.
Cognitive anxiety
Psychological reactions, like stress
Inverted U theory
As arousal increases so does performance up to the optimal point, after so, performance decreases gradually.
Optimal point changes with sport.
Competitive trait anxiety
An enduring personality trait, giving a tendency to view all competitive situations as threatening.
Optimal performance zone (arousal) (peak flow)
High focus on task
Movement feels effortless
Clear goals
High levels of self-efficacy
Sub-conscious feelings of control, like being on autopilot.
Competitive state anxiety
Anxiety felt in a particular competitive situation
Somatic anxiety
Physiological reactions to stress, like sweating, butterflys, shaking.
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Frustration will only lead to aggression when learned triggers are present.
Assertive behaviour
Forceful behaviour which occurs within the rules of the sport.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
When a performer is blocked from their goal they become frustrated. Frustration leads to aggression.
Aggressive act will have a cathartic effect on the performer.
Instinct theory (of aggression)
Aggression is an innate trait.
Social learning theory (of aggression)
Aggression is a learned response, developed from copying others.
Achievement goal theory
Motivation is based on type of goal set.
Performance or outcome goals.
Incentive value
The pride experienced by the individual after success has been achieved.
The harder the task, the greater the incentive value.
Characteristics of NACH
Seeking out challenging situations
Taking risks
Displaying high levels of task persistence
Valuing feedback
Developing a self-serving bias.
Characteristics of NAF
Low task persistence
Dislike of feedback or evaluation
Selecting the easy option when choice is available
Probability of success
The extent to which the performer is likely to complete the task correctly.
What is an Ischaemic stroke?
Occurs when a blood clot stops the supply of blood reaching the brain.
The most common type of stroke.
What is a Haemorrhagic stroke?
A haemorrhagic stroke is a result of a weakened blood vessel to the brain bursting.
What is beta oxidation?
When stored fat is broken down into fatty acids, before being converted into acetyl-coenzme A
Simple definition of the krebs/citric acid cycle?
Oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme A.
This results in 2 ATP and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Simple definition of the Electron transport chain?
The transfer of electrons down a carrier chain, hydrogen is oxidised.
Resynthesis 34 ATP and produces water as a waste product
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
This is the first stage where learning is very much trial and
error. The performer lacks a clear mental image of what the skill should look like so learns
through observing others to develop understanding of the relationships between subroutines. Large errors will often be made.
What is the Associative stage of learning?
Associative learners are in the practice stage. They will have
developed a mental image of the skill but will still be reliant on some external feedback.
They are starting to develop intrinsic feedback by comparing their performance to others.
Though errors are still evident they are smaller and there are fewer of them.
What is the Autonomous stage of learning?
Performance of skills can be completed with little thought
allowing the performer to concentrate on other aspects such as tactics and strategies.
Intrinsic feedback is highly developed so the performer can self-correct. They’re very few, if
any smaller errors in skill execution.
