Sammafattning Flashcards
There are 3 main reasons to study OB:
Understanding, predicting, influencing
What is OB
A way of thinking
Multidisciplinary
Humanistic orientation
Performance-oriented
Based on recognized disciplines
Has an application orientation
organisations are
Groups of people who work independently towards the same
purpose.
Fredrick Taylor’s
Scientific Management
“Workman are unable to
understand the real science of
doing this class of work”
“ He is so stupid that the word
percentage has no meaning to
him”
Henry Fayol’s
Functions of Management
Planing
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
New prespective of organizational effectiveness
Open systems perspective
Organizational Learning perspective
High-Performance Work Prespective
Stakeholder Perpective
Need to consider both stock and flow of knowledge
Stock: Intellectual Capital (Knowledge, skills, abilities
employees carry, and structured capital) Knowledge captured
and retained
Flow: Organizational learning processes of acquisition sharing
and use.
Interlectual capital
Human Capital: knowledge that people possess and generate.
Structured Capital: Knowledge captured in systems and structures
Relationship Captial: Values derived from satisfied Customers reliable
suppliers etc..
Learning process
- knowledge acqusition
- knowledge sharing
- Knowlegde use
How do organizations retain intellectual capital?
Retain good employees
Transferring knowledge to others
Transferring human capital to structural capital
High performance work practices persepective
effective orgs incorporate workplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital.
ex:
- Employee involvement and job autonomy- more motivation
- Employee competence- Training and selection
Performance based rewards- improve employee performance
values are
relatively stable, evaluative belieft that guide a persons preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situation
ethics are
the study of morla principles or values that determine weather actions and their outcomes are right and good or not
CSR
org activities that intend to benefit socielty and the enviropment beyond the firms immideate financial intrest or legal obligations
Surface level diversity
observable demographic and physiological differences in people such as race, age, ethnicity, gender and physical disabilities
Deep-level diversiy
diferens in phycological characteristics of employees including personality, beliefs, values and attitudes.
Organizational structure is
the devision of labour as well as patterns of coordination, communication, workflow and formal power that direct organisations activities
Organisational structure;
- Includes reporting relationships, but also relates to job design,
information flow, work standards and rules, team dynamics, and
power relations. - Organizational structures are frequently used as tools for
organizational change because they establish new communication - patterns and align employee behavior with the corporate vision.
Elements of organizational Structure
Span of control
Centralization/ Decentralization
Formalization
Departmentalization
Centralization and Decentralization
The degree to which decision authority is held by small groups of people,
typically those at the top of the organizational hierarchy.
In the beginning companies started by being centralized but as they
grow and expand their range of products, they start to disperse decision
authority and power throughout the organization ( decentralization)
Formalization
The degree to which organizations standardize behavior through rules,
procedures, formal training and related mechanisms.
In other words companies are typically more formalized if they rely on
standardized work processes.
Formalization increases as firms get older, larger and more regulated.
Organic Structures:
An organizational structure with wide span of control,
little formalization and decentralized decision making.
Liability of Newness-
When startups are launched, they start by being
organic. The problem is that they lack sufficient knowledge regarding
the industry making them more inefficient.
Mechanistic Structures:
org structure with narrow span of control and high degree of formalisation and centralisation. Operate better in stable environments because they rely on efficiency
and routine behaviors. Mechanistic decision making at lower levels,
tall hierarchy of people and specialized roles.
Mechanic organizations are
- narrow and technical task definitions and knowledge requirement
- Vague and indirect linkage between individs job contribution and orgs purpose
- Rigid and routined tasks
- Specific techniques, obligations and rights
Organic organizations
- broad an general task definitions and knowledge requirement
- Clear or directs linkage between individ contribution and orgs purpose
- Flexible and varied tasks
- General specifications of techniques, obligations and rights
Departmentalisation
It specifies how employees and their activities are grouped together. Is a
fundamental strategy for coordinating organizational activities
Functions of departamentalisation
- establish chain of command- establishes interdependencies
among employees and subunits. - Create common mental model measure of performance- typically anchored around the common budgets and
measures of performance - Encourages coordination through informal communication- use
frequent and informal interaction to get the work done.
Different organisational structures
- Functional
- Divisional
- Team based
- Matrix (project based)
- Network
- Virtual
- Boundaryless
Functional organisational structure
employees are organized around specific knowledge or other resources (e.g. finance, production, marketing)
Good/ bad Functional
Benefits:
– Economy of scale
– Supports professional identity and career paths
– Easier supervision
– creates specialised pools of talent that typically serve everyone in the organization
Limitations:
– More emphasis on subunit than organizational goals
– Higher dysfunctional conflict
- Poorer coordination- requires more controle
Divisional Organizational Structure
employees are organized around:
- geographic areas
- outputs (products or services)
- clients.
good/bad devisional
Benefits
– Building block structure – accommodates growth
– Focuses on markets/products/clients
Limitations
– Duplication, inefficient use of resources
– Specializations are dispersed–silos of knowledge
– Politics/conflict when two forms of equal value
Team-Based Structure
built around self-directed teams that complete
an entire piece of work.
usually;
- organic
- wide span of control
- highly decentralized
- low formalization
- within manufacturing or service
Good/bad team based
Benefits
– Responsive, flexible
– Lower admin costs
– Quicker, more informed decisions
Limitations
– Interpersonal training costs
– Slower during team development
– Role ambiguity increases stress
– Problems with supervisor role changes
– Duplication of resources
Matrix structure (project based)
overlays two structures (such as a geographic divisional and a functional structure) in order to leverage the
benefits of both.
Good/bad Matrix
Benefits
– Uses resources and expertise effectively
– Improves communication, flexibility, innovation
– Focuses specialists on clients and products
– Supports knowledge sharing within specialty
– Solution when two divisions have equal importance
Limitations
– Increases goal conflict and ambiguity
– Two bosses dilutes accountability
– More conflict, organizational politics, and stress
Network Organizational Structure
An alliance of several organizations for the purpose of creating a product or serving a client.
Good/bad Network
Benefits
– Highly flexible
– Potentially better use of skills and technology
– Not saddled with same resources for all products
Limitations
– Exposed to market forces
– Less control over subcontractors than in-house
Virtual Organizations
Collection of geographically distributed, functionally and/or culturally diverse individuals linked by electronic communication
Boundary less Organizations
Chains of command are eliminated, Spans of control are unlimited, Empowered teams replace rigid departments
national culture is
sum total of beliefs, rituals, rules, customs,
artifacts, and institutions that characterize the population of a nation
Organizational culture
The values and assumptions shared within an organization
It defines what is important and unimportant in the company and,
consequently, directs everyone in the organization toward the “right way” of
doing things. You might think of organizational culture as the organization’s
DNA— invisible to the naked eye, yet a powerful template that shapes what
happens in the workplace
Artifacts in Organizational Culture
Observable symbols and signs of culture
Physical structures, ceremonies, language, stories
Maintain and transmit organization’s culture
Not easy to decipher artifacts – need many of them
Artifacts ex:
- Physical structures/symbols
- Stories and legends
- rituals and ceremonies
- language
Organizational Culture and Its Effects
Culture provides and encourages stability
The more employees share and accept the core values, the stronger the culture and the more influential it is on behavior
Two functions of countercultures:
- provide surveillance and critique, ethics
- source of emerging values
Organizational Socialization Defined
The process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviors, and
social knowledge necessary to assume their roles in the organization
Socialisation stages
- anticipatory
- accommodation
- role management
Mentoring
a friend, coach, advisor or sponsor who supports, encourages, and helps
a less experienced protégé.
Either has career function psychological function
Phases of mentoring relationship
- initiation- relationship starts and starts having impotance
- cultivation- career and psycological functions give max result
- seperation- change in structure role or emotional experience
- Redefinition- relationship ended or now just friends
Merging org cultures
- Assimilation :)
- Deculturation :(
- Integration 1+1=1 new
- Seperation 1+1= 2
Changing/Strengthening Organizational Culture
- Actions of founders/leaders
- align artifacts to keep culture in place
- Introducing Culturally Consistent Rewards to reinforce culturally consistent behaviour
- Attracting, Selecting, Socializing Employees
Primary diversity dimensions
age, getc- stable
Secondary diversity dimensions
education, health, marital status - Changable
benefitd diversity
- Enhanced
decision quality - Better connection with customers.
- More creative innovation
- Higher financial performance
Problems arising with increased diversity
- miscommunication
- insensitivity
- ignorance
- hostility
Ability
person’s talent to perform a mental or physical task.
Generally stable over time.
skill
learned talent acquired in order to perform a task
Attitude definition
An attitude is a mental state of readiness, learned and optimized through experience.
Attitudes are:
- Are learned
- Define one’s predispositions
- Are the emotional basis of interpersonal relations and identifications with others
- Are closely linked to personality
- Are subject to change
attitudes are linked to
- Perception
- Personality
- Feelings
- Motivation
components of attitudes
- Cognition
- Affect
- Behaviour
- Cognition
A person’s perceptions, opinions, and beliefs
- affect
Emotional components of attitudes; learned from parents, teachers, peers
- Behavior
The tendency to act in a certain way toward someone or something
Cognitive Dissonance
Discrepancy between attitude and behavior, ex Knowing that smoking is bad for
your health, but continuing to smoke. Creates discomfort, which individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate
Job satisfaction is
an attitude toward a job. Results from a perception of the job and the fit between the worker and the
organization
factors linked to job satisfaction
- pay
- the work itself
- promotion opportunities
- supervision
- coworkers
- work conditions
- job security
Personality
The combination of stable physical and mental characteristics that give the
individual his or her identity. Personality is a function of genetic and environmental interaction.
big 5 personality types
O-penness to experience
C-onscientiousness
E-xtraversion
A-greeableness
N-euroticism (emotional stability)
Locus of control
The degree to which one believes their behavior influences what happens to
them
- Internals believe their good performance is due to their effort or skill
- Externals believe they are controlled by outside forces over which they
have little, if any, control
Self-Efficacy is
Personal beliefs regarding competencies and abilities. Beliefs are learned, and tend to be task-specific
Self-efficacy dimensions
- Magnitude
- Strength
- Generality
Magnitude
the level of task difficulty that individuals believe they
can attain
Strength
refers to whether the belief is weak or strong