Perceptopns and attributions ch 4

Question 1

perception is based on prior experience and is the

Answer 1

cognitive process by which one selects, organizes, and gives meaning to environmental stimuli

(Each person gives his or her own meaning to stimuli, so each perceives things differently)

Question 2

Generally, people perceive stimuli that

Answer 2

satisfy needs, emotions, attitudes, or self-concept

Question 3

The perceptual process

Answer 3

work environment stimuli -> Observation-> selection-> Translation-> Response

Question 4

Different types of perceptual grouping

Answer 4

1. law of nearness- .. .. or . .. . or ….
2. law of similarity- xoxo collum or oooo / xxxx rows
3. law of closure- fill in the gaps so three lines become a triangel
4. law of figure and ground- organise sensations into figures and backgrounds

Question 5

Schemas

Answer 5

A framework embodying descriptions of people, situations, or objects and helps us make better sense of information.
- They are person, role, self or event based.
- They are used to examine or prepare for situations

Question 6

Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 6

Someone’s expectations about anothercauses the individual to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations

Question 7

Pygmalion effect

Answer 7

Positive case of self fulfilling prophecy

Question 8

Golem effect

Answer 8

negative case of self fulfilling prophecy

Question 9

Steriotyping

Answer 9

is not inherently bad or wrong, its a translation step in the perceptual process
- Helps people deal with massive information-processing demands
-A useful, even essential, way to categorize individuals, events, or other things on the basis of limited information or observation

Question 10

Social Perception and Social Identity

Answer 10

1. categorization process- compare our group to other groups
2. homogenization process- similar traits within a group different traits across groups
3. Differentiation process- develope less favourable image of people from other groups than our

Question 11

Prejudice

Answer 11

• A stereotype that doesn’t change when given information showing the stereotype is inaccurate
• Often the result of direct experiences with members of the rejected group
• Once formed, positive experiences with the persons, group, or unit usually do not reverse the prejudice

Question 12

scapegosting

Answer 12

Extreme form of prejudice

Question 13

Negative effects of stereotyping

Answer 13

• social injustice
• Poor decision making
• Stifled innovation
• under-utilization of HR
• Ineffectiveness and inefficency
• Holding back talanted qualified people

Question 14

halo effect

Answer 14

One important or noticeable characteristic biases an evaluation, perception, or impression of a person

Question 15

An individual’s attractiveness can influence managerial decisions

Answer 15

halo effect
- Attractiveness increased evaluations, pay raises, and promotions for women in non-managerial positions
- The opposite was true for women in managerial positions

Question 16

Similar-to-me errors

Answer 16

1. Using oneself as benchmark in perceiving others
2. but knowing oneself makes it easier to see other accurately
3. but those who accept themselves are more likely to see favorable aspects of others
4. Choosing subordinates who are similar to u may not be appropriate to thesituation

Question 17

Perceptual Accuracy Can be Affected by…

Answer 17

1. the press of time
2. attitudes of subordinates
3. Other situational factors

Question 18

Attribution Theory

Answer 18

Behavior is greatly influenced by our personal interpretation of reality (Therefore, perceptual processes are potent determinants of behavior)
- Attempts to explain the why of behavior
- Based on people’s attributions of the causes of events that happen to them

Question 19

The Attribution Process

Answer 19

event-> Analysis of cause of event -> Reinforcement or modification of pervious assumptions of cause -> Choice regarding future behaviour.

Question 20

Behaviour is examined on the basis of its

Answer 20

1. Distinctiveness
2. Consistency
3. Consensus

Question 21

distinctiveness

Answer 21

Degree to which one behaves similarly in different situations
- across situations

Yes- Low
No- High

Question 22

Consistency

Answer 22

Degree to which one engages in the same behaviors at different times
- over time

Yes- high
No- low

Question 23

consensus

Answer 23

Degree to which others are engaging in the same behavior
- across people

Yes- high
No- low

Question 24

Internal attribution

Answer 24

• Low distinctiveness
• High consistency
• Low consensus

Question 25

External Attributions

Answer 25

• High distinctiveness
• Low consistency
• Nigh Consensus

Question 26

fundamental attribution error

Answer 26

Under-estimating the importance
of external factors and over-estimating internal factors when making attributions about the behavior of others

Question 27

Self serving bias

Answer 27

Taking credit for successful work and denying responsibility for poor work

Question 28

Managerial implications of an attributional approach
to understanding work behavior

Answer 28

1. influence behavour managers must understand the attributions employees make
2. Managers must be aware that their attributions may be different from employees attributions
3. Managers cannot assumer their own attributions are error free