Salivary Secretions and Mucosal Immunity Flashcards
Smoking is associated with:
squamous cancer, periodontitis, slow healing, cardiovascular disease
What are the physiological impacts of smoking?
impairs immune response impairs fibroblast proliferation suppresses neutrophils favors bone resorption increases insulin resistance
What cytokines and chemokines do we find in saliva?
IL-1, IL-8/, IL-6
MCP-1
troponin I
TNF-alpha
Which salivary glands are continuously active?
submandibular, sublingual, and minor glands
When the specificity of the antibody changes, it changes the ____ region.
variable
IgG binds to the ____ receptor.
Fc
Where is the highest concentration of cystatins found in the oral cavity?
in the submandibular gland saliva
______ nervous innervation regulates salivary secretion.
Parasympathetic
When a person smells food, the parasympathetic nerves stimulate the medulla. What would be some indicators of stimulated facial parasympathetics in a patient?
- increased blood flow to glands
- increased saliva volume via acinar cells
- increased HCO3- (bicarbonate) via ductal cells
- increased and more watery salivary flow
How much saliva do we secrete per day?
1 liter
The salivary ____ consists of all the lipids in saliva.
lipidome
What is a biomarker for hyperlipidemia?
Fordyce granules (sebaceous glands filled with lipids)
_____ is the major protein/enzyme in saliva.
Alpha amylase
What nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands?
facial nerve (CNVII)
Saliva functions to:
lubricate, inhibit bacterial growth, digest food, allow swallowing, neutralize, stabilize teeth
_____ are heavily glycosylated, bind to pathogens, and prevent adherence of oral microbes to pellicle.
Mucins
Antibodies are made by ____.
B-cells
_____ act to deactivate bacteria versus just bind them, and are ____ released.
Salivary antibodies; constitutively (unstimulated)
____ act directly on microbial membranes.
Histatins
What substances does gingival crevicular fluid contain that could be helpful for diagnosing periodontal disease?
inflammatory mediators tissue breakdown products markers of oxidative stress enzymes mediators of bone homeostasis
Which salivary protein inhibits the precipitation of calcium phosphate into saliva and it critical for tooth remineralization?
statherin
All major and minor glands are comprised of ____.
acinar (serous) and ductal (mucoid) cells
Why are we able to do diagnostic testing on both saliva and blood?
because blood contains antibodies (IgG) and antibodies leak into the saliva (so BOTH contain antibodies for testing)
The salivary ____ is all the proteins and peptides in saliva.
proteome
What is the major reason mucins exclude microbes from the surface of enamel?
steric hindrance
What nerve innervates the parotid gland?
glossopharyngeal nerve
Minor glands have ____ glands.
mixed
What growth factors do we find in saliva?
EGF
NGF
VEGF
IGF
Where does the majority of the complement proteins come from in the saliva?
from the major glands (parotid/SM/SL)
If you observed decreased blood flow to salivary cells, decreased volume of saliva in acinar cells, and an increase in salivary proteins in your patient, you could assume that _____.
the patient is exhibiting a sympathetic response and release of noradrenaline
Which populous salivary protein helps to exclude microbes from surfaces and clear them from the oral cavity?
proline rich proteins (PRPs)
Which gland contributes the most to unstimulated salivary flow?
submandibular gland
Submandibular and sublingual glands contain ____ glands.
mixed
Stimulation of the salivary glands reduces the ___ concentration and becomes more _____.
protein; alkaline (NaHCO3)
______ activate the immune system and modulate its activity.
Defensins
Urea is converted to ammonia by bacteria and ____ buffering.
improves
Parotid glands are comprised of ____.
acinar (serous) glands
Which salivary glands require stimulation for saliva production?
parotid gland
What are the major salivary glands?
parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland
Which antibody is transferred from mother to baby via breastmilk?
IgA
When B-cells are stimulated, they differentiate into ____, which secrete ____.
plasma cells; IgA and IgM
What are some causes of “dry mouth?”
1) autoimmune diseases (Sjogren’s, Lupus, RA, diabetes)
2) HIV/AIDS
3) many medications
The bloodstream is constantly challenged by bacterial “storms.” How would this affect a patient with poor oral hygiene.
As we eat, bacteria sloughs off and can enter the bloodstream. The more oral bacteria present in the mouth, the more bacteria is sloughed off and can infect internal organs and cause infection.
Which salivary antibody is the most abundant?
sIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A)
Why is blood more of a reliable diagnostic material than saliva?
saliva is not as regulated as blood is
Serum-derived IgG and IgA enter the saliva via the:
1) GCF
2) mucosal transudate
3) ultrafiltration through acini
What would amylase bind to in order to neutralize bacteria, disable their antigens, and curb inflammation?
bacterial LPS (outer membrane)
What could thicker, less watery saliva indicate?
more protein in saliva; effects of noradrenaline release from sympathetic stimulation
What are some of the antimicrobial properties of alpha-amylase?
binds bacteria to prevent adhesion, direct inhibition, binds bacterial LPS
Saliva is a clear liquid with a ___ protein concentration.
low
Unstimulated (constitutive) saliva is dominated by the components of the ____ gland.
submandibular
