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Biochemistry > How Genes Direct the Production of Proteins > Flashcards

How Genes Direct the Production of Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

A strand of DNA copied fully linearly is called a ____.

A

heteronuclear (hn)/agent RNA

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2
Q

When can the splicing and post-transcriptional modifications occur on the hnRNA after emergence from RNA polymerase II?

A

immediately

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3
Q

snoRNAs serve as a guide to direct specific ____ of the rRNAs.

A

modifications (post-transcriptional)

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4
Q

DNA is ___ into RNA.

A

transcribed

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5
Q

What type of RNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level?

A

microRNA

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6
Q

The third base “U” COULD pair with:

A

A, G, or I

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7
Q

Most protein coding genes are transcribed by ____.

A

RNA Polymerase II

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8
Q

The third base “C” COULD pair with:

A

G or I

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9
Q

This antibiotic blocks initiation to elongation.

A

Streptomycin

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10
Q

mRNA is ___ into protein.

A

translated

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11
Q

TFIID situates on the gene to create the start site for transcription. What factor does its placement attract?

A

TFIIB

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12
Q

What kind of bond is formed between the Met-tRNA and the new aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site?

A

peptide bond

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13
Q

____ process and chemically modify rRNAs.

A

sno/snRNA

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14
Q

After meeting at the AUG codon, ____ and ____ bind.

A

the Met-tRNA; the large ribosomal subunit

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15
Q

tRNA transfers ____ to the growing peptide chain.

A

amino acids

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16
Q

Where would you find free ribosomes?

A

anywhere in the cytosol

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17
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

A

nucleolus (not a membrane-bound structure)

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18
Q

How many STOP codons must be encountered for translation to halt?

A

2 consecutive STOP codons

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19
Q

How is the translation of proteins regulated using base pairs?

A
  • base pairing between mRNA codon

- triplet complimentary sequence in tRNA called the anticodon

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20
Q

Why don’t we use tetracycline in children?

A

because tetracycline loves to bind to mineralized surfaces

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21
Q

Is the genetic code universal for all organisms?

A

YES

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22
Q

What structure does the small ribosomal subunit recognize and attach to on mRNA?

A

5’-cap structure

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23
Q

Which antibiotic blocks A-site binding of aminoacyl-tRNA?

A

Tetracycline

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24
Q

What type of structure does miRNA form to block protein synthesis? What enzyme does it utilize?

A

a hairpin structure (complementary base pairs folded in on itself); “Dicer” enzyme

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25
Q

An Argonaute, facilitated by Dicer, is a mature _____.

A

miRNA

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26
Q

What is it called when more than one codon can make the same amino acid?

A

degenerate

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27
Q

How many RNA Polymerase II molecules can work on copying a gene simultaneously?

A

A BUNCH!

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28
Q

Which nucleic acid would be more useful when sequencing the genome of an ant fossilized in amber?

A

DNA - more stable than RNA due to deoxyribose properties

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29
Q

A 3 base sequence is a ____.

A

codon

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30
Q

Can gene transcription proceed in opposite directions?

A

YES - since template for genes is always 3’-to-5’ the strand can just flip flop since it’s DNA

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31
Q

What is the role of transcription factors?

A

to park RNA polymerase II appropriately on the DNA strand in order to initiate and complete transcription starting at base 1

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32
Q

Which antibiotic blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction, thereby preventing elongation?

A

Chloramphenicol

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33
Q

rRNA comes from a ____.

A

gene

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34
Q

____ directs the proper cleavage of introns and allows the ligation of exons.

A

snRNA

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35
Q

What are the three STOP codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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36
Q

What types of RNA processing must wait until the primary strand is complete?

A

capping, polyadenylation

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37
Q

What happens after the initiation of helicase activity by TFIIH in DNA transcription?

A

ATP is expended; phosphorylation of the C-terminal RNA polymerase II occurs; TF disassembled; polymerase opens into active conformation; transcription occurs

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38
Q

If you were to put DNA and RNA into a solution with a pH of 10, which would degrade first and more quickly?

A

RNA - very unstable in alkaline conditions

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39
Q

Synthesis of new DNA (aka RNA strand) is always ____; the template (DNA) runs ____.

A

5’-to-3’; 3’-to-5’

40
Q

What would likely be the cause of closely similar or analogous genes being located in totally separate regions of the body?

A

alternative splicing of mRNA at some point in development (driven by developmental cells signals hormones, environmental signals, etc.)

41
Q

A number of antibiotics we use to treat infections target ____ and ____.

A

transcription; translation

42
Q

What happens in the elongation step of translation?

A

synthesis of the peptide chain

43
Q

What gets pushed out of the A site and P site by the ribosome? What gets pushed into the P site?

A

A site - dipeptide
P site - “empty” tRNA
*P site - peptide

44
Q

Do UTRs or non-translated regions get translated?

A

NO; but they do get transcribed

45
Q

At which codon and amino acid does translation start?

A

AUG; methionine

46
Q

rRNA encodes _____.

A

ribosomal proteins

47
Q

Of these components, which is/are used to synthesize the sequential protein?
(cap : 5’ UTR : coding sequence : 3’ UTR : polyA tail)

A

coding sequence

48
Q

Which type of RNA turns off gene expression by directing the degradation of mRNAs?

A

siRNA

49
Q

What happens after the binding of TFIID and TFIIB?

A

TFIIH binds, which has helicase activity

50
Q

What disassembles from the RNA polymerase II transcriptional complex after phosphorylation of RNA pol II?

A

transcription factors (TFIID, TFIID, TFIIH)

51
Q

Why are bacterial cells able to replicate so much faster than eukaryotic cells?

A

because mRNA can be translated to proteins SIMULTANEOUSLY with transcription of DNA to RNA

52
Q

In individuals affected with Roberts Syndrome, there is ____ rDNA to rRNA transcription, which leads to decreased ____.

A

decreased; protein synthesis

53
Q

What is mRNA translated into?

A

proteins

54
Q

Which part of the DNA sequence get translated into the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A

exons

55
Q

Genes that are essentially the same but found in different regions of the body are ____.

A

isoform genes

56
Q

What transcription facto recognizes the TATA box, specifically its subunit?

A

TFIID; TBP

57
Q

The RNA polymerase II has to be properly ____ on the start site of transcription.

A

phased

58
Q

What molecule is created by the “charging” of tRNA with the specific mRNA codon? What enzyme catalyzes this?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

59
Q

TFIIH does what in the initiation of transcription?

A

acts with helicase activity to unwind DNA at transcription start point; phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II

60
Q

What is the role of TFIIB?

A

to position RNA polymerase II on the DNA strand correctly

61
Q

___ do get translated; ___ get transcribed, but not translated.

A

Exons; introns

62
Q

Does splicing occur simultaneously with transcription?

A

YES

63
Q

Mature mRNA is exported to the ____ or ____ via nuclear bound proteins.

A

cytoplasm; cytoplasmic ER

64
Q

miRNA binds to the RISC complex (RNA-inducing silencing complex), which suppresses ____ and promotes ____.

A

protein synthesis; mRNA degradation

65
Q

RNA splicing is performed by the ____, a complex made up of snRNAs and proteins in a SNP complex.

A

spliceosome

66
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus of eukaryotes

67
Q

What factor binds first to the TATA box?

A

TFIID (w/ subunit called the TBP - TATA box binding protein)

68
Q

mRNA is transcribed from a ___.

A

gene

69
Q

At which point of transcription and translation does export to the cytoplasm occur?

A

post-translationally **after DNA has been transcribed into mRNA (after polyadenylation at 3’ end - AAAA)

70
Q

Do all proteins contain methionine in their sequence?

A

NO, because post-translational modifications occur and may take methionine out or cleave bits off

71
Q

When does splicing take place?

A

before the maturation of mRNA

72
Q

How do cells achieve their specialized functions?

A

based on:
expression of specific genes
post-translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation) of resulting proteins

73
Q

What does RNA Polymerase II transcribe?

A

mRNA

74
Q

Where would you find membrane-bound ribosomes?

A

rough ER (associated with membrane proteins and may be secreted out of the cell)

75
Q

A strand of unprocessed RNA containing introns an exons is referred to as ____.

A

hnRNA

76
Q

Where are proteins synthesized? Where does translation take place?

A

cytoplasm of cell in eukaryotes

77
Q

mRNA is read by the ribosomal machine as a ___.

A

codon

78
Q

miRNA is a _____ repressor.

A

translational

79
Q

Which antibiotic prevents RNA synthesis?

A

Rifamycin

80
Q

Response elements are ___ when referring to their structure.

A

promoter regions

81
Q

What happens in the termination step of translation?

A

synthesis stops and protein is released from the ribosome

82
Q

Gene expression can be regulated by transcription factors that bind to:

A

promoter elements in DNA and/or

proteins that are bound to these promoter elements

83
Q

Translation starts at the ___ end of mRNA.

A

5’

84
Q

What is the purpose of polyadenylation (addition of polyA tail)?

A

stabilizes the RNA since it is more easily degraded than DNA

85
Q

Which is the most abundant RNA in a cell?

A

rRNA (mRNA is only 3%!)

86
Q

What are the 4 steps of translation?

A

Activation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

87
Q

What kind of RNA regulates gene expression by blocking the translation of specific mRNAs?

A

microRNA

88
Q

What happens in the initiation step of translation?

A

binding of ribosome to 5’-end of mRNA

subsequent binding of initiator Met-tRNA (AUG)

89
Q

This antibiotic blocks the ribosome exit channel and inhibits elongation.

A

Erythromycin

90
Q

_____ are sequences in the DNA that direct or promote the transcription of a gene.

A

Promoters

91
Q

What happens in the activation step of translation?

A

the formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs

92
Q

Where would you find the TATA box on a strand of DNA?

A

about 25 base pairs before the start site of transcription

93
Q

Is at the translational level the same as at the post-transcriptional level?

A

YES

94
Q

What is the obligatory first step in the initiation of TBP/TFIID and RNA polymerase II binding?

A

the presence or absence of specific transcription factors

95
Q

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, how many strands of DNA are transcribed into RNA?

A

1

96
Q

Which base in the triplet codon is the LEAST specific?

A

the third base (allows “wobble”)

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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