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Biochemistry > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Cells close to the inducing cells will receive a high concentration of ligands and will be ____.

A

reprogrammed (then can become inducing cells as well)

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2
Q

The regions where neural crest cells migrate out to are referred to as ____.

A

rhombomeres (R1-R8)

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3
Q

What’s the model of development?

A

every species begins using the same few basic themes with few variations to form complex structures

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4
Q

Inductive signaling starts at _____, where the inducers of signaling originate.

A

starting points (can be a single cell or cluster of cells)

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5
Q

Factors are secreted by a cluster of cells to send out an ____.

A

inductive signal

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6
Q

___ are like bacterial genes in that they are located far apart and express sequentially.

A

Hox genes

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7
Q

During which point of fetal development would you accept a cleft palate and cleft lip to form?

A

between 4 and 7 weeks and 6 and 9 weeks

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8
Q

The sclerotome gives rise to ____.

A

ribs, vertebrae, base of skull, facial muscles

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9
Q

What are the 4 essential processes by which an embryo is constructed?

A

cell proliferation
cell specialization/differentiation
cell interaction
cell movement

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10
Q

Drosphila has __ Hox complexes; there are __ mammalian Hox complexes.

A

2 main; 4

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11
Q

___ is the stage of embryonic development where cells begin to form specialized structures.

A

Differentiation

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12
Q

What is the Hox patterning of the forelimb and hindlimb?

A

stylopod (femur)&raquo_space; zeuopod (tibia)&raquo_space; autopod (toes)

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13
Q

What are universal mechanisms of animal development?

A

common roots across all species, developmentally function the same

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14
Q

The epithelial somites give rise to ___ and ___.

A

dermamyotome; sclerotome

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15
Q

Hox genes are ____ expressed.

A

sequentially

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16
Q

Can proteins be substituted across species?

A

YES

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17
Q

Which genes in the hierarchical control can regulate themselves?

A

gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, (coordinate genes?)

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18
Q

____ is when cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers through gastrulation.

A

Patterning

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19
Q

What is the organizing center of gastrulation?

A

Hensen’s node

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20
Q

The Hox complex carries a permanent record of ____.

A

positional information

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21
Q

Do the universal mechanisms of development apply to invertebrates?

A

YES

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22
Q

Patterning needs to occur in these 3 dimensions:

A

anterior-posterior
dorsal-ventral
proximal-distal

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23
Q

What is it called when more divided cells are formed and have identical functions as the parental cell?

A

growth

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24
Q

The regulatory DNA that modulates expression defines ____.

A

development

25
Q

Are all homeobox genes part of the Hox complex?

A

NO; the Hox complex includes only the homeobox genes clustered together

26
Q

What is the replacement of one body part with another called?

A

homeosis

27
Q

What are the 3 key layers produced from gastrulation?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

28
Q

What are the 3 types of signals being aimed at the dermamyotome and sclerotome?

A

ventralizing signal
dorsalizing signal
lateralizing signal

29
Q

____ eventually leads to a grouping of cells with slightly different functions.

A

Sequential induction

30
Q

Hierarchical gene control genes are important in ____.

A

early embryonic development

31
Q

The segment in the DNA sequence is called a homeobox, which is the ____.

A

Hox complex

32
Q

____ means that once cells are committed to becoming a certain structure, they will still become what they were destined to be.

A

Regional determination

33
Q

What would you expect to be the root issue of malformed craniofacial structures that originated during development?

A

lack of or reduced amounts of migration/differentiation of neural crest cells (i.e. cleft palate)

34
Q

Drosphila homeotic genes are regulatory proteins and contain a ___ DNA binding domain.

A

highly conserved

35
Q

Can neural cells give rise to many different kinds of cells?

A

yes, because they exhibit “stemness”

36
Q

Segmental plate mesoderm gives rise to ___.

A

epithelial somites

37
Q

Gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes all regulate ___.

A

homeotic selector genes

38
Q

___ genes are critical in programming of a complex organism.

A

Hox

39
Q

Neural cells migrate, which is a tightly regulated process. This is regulated by ___ and ___, which come from ____.

A

morphogens; growth factors; adjacent cells’ secretions

40
Q

What is one of the few examples in mammaliam development where the process resembles bacterial systems?

A

sequential expression of Hox genes

41
Q

What layers in development have reciprocal interactions occuring?

A

ectoderm and mesenchyme/mesoderm

42
Q

The dermamyotome gives rise to ___ and ___.

A

dermatome (dermis); myotome (muscles)

43
Q

Do cells in the adult organism retain a record of their early embryonic developmental signals?

A

YES

44
Q

If you discovered a fly with wings for eyes, what type of control would you assume went awry during development?

A

hierarchical gene control; homeotic mutation

45
Q

Where would you find the neural crest cells?

A

between the developing neural tube and non-neural ectoderm

46
Q

What general component of the body mediates cell-cell interactions and controls gene expression?

A

proteins

47
Q

Can inductive signaling act over great distances?

A

YES

48
Q

Gap genes control ___ and ___ and ___.

A

pair-rule genes; homeotic selector genes; themselves

49
Q

Somites are formed by the _____.

A

paraxial mesoderm

50
Q

The myotome gives rise to ___ and ___.

A

epaxial back muscles; hypaxial back muscles

51
Q

Can homeobox genes work as inducers and inhibitors?

A

YES

52
Q

____ are at the pinnacle of hierarchical gene control. These genes activate the cascade with their expression.

A

Coordinate genes

53
Q

What does the pattern of expression of each gene follow?

A

head to tail order and expression

54
Q

If a tooth cell is taken out of their resident structure and transplanted elsewhere, it will still become a tooth. This is referred to as ____.

A

regional determination

55
Q

What accounts for the complexity of animals and different structures?

A

expression control systems that drive development

56
Q

What would happen if you took out these early embryonic development signal gene records?

A

things would not be maintained as they should be

57
Q

What ligands and families are used UNIVERSALLY across species?

A 
RTK
TGF-beta
Wnt
Hedgehog
Notch
58
Q

What does the incredible similarities of all embryos across all species provide evidence of?

A

a common ancestor

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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