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Biochemistry > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages express _____ for many microbial components.

A

receptors (mannonse, LPS, TLR-2, TLR-4, glucan, scavenger)

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2
Q

What are the chemical barriers against infection?

A

fatty acids, low pH, enzymes (pepsin + lysozyme), antibacterial peptides

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3
Q

What is considered the first barrier against microorganisms?

A

epithelial surfaces (skin, gut, lungs, etc.)

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4
Q

In the midst of an infection, what causes the redness, swelling, and heat?

A

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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5
Q

In which phase of the immune response is there recognition of non-specific and broadly specific effectors?

A

innate immunity (0-4 hours)

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6
Q

What is BALT?

A

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

What are the microbiological defenses against infection?

A

normal flora

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8
Q

The mucus layer of the small intestine is ____, whereas in the large intestine ____.

A

loose; has a loose and dense layer

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9
Q

What microorganisms cause disease?

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

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10
Q

In which phase of the immune response are antigens being transported to lymphoid organs, B and T cell recognition, and clonal expansion/differentiation?

A

adaptive immune response

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11
Q

What is the goal of vaccination?

A

to memorize the pathogen

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12
Q

_____ kill parasites coated with antibodies.

A

Eosinophils

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13
Q

What gives the mucus layer is characteristic viscosity?

A

mucin glycoproteins

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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission of an infection in the GI tract?

A

contaminated food or water

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15
Q

The early phases of the immune response depend on _____.

A

innate immunity

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16
Q

____ and ____ release granules when activated that contain many enzymes and toxic proteins.

A

Basophils; eosinophils

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17
Q

Paneth cells produce ____.

A

defensins, lectins, and cytokines

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18
Q

In which phase of the immune response is there recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns and inflammation?

A

early induced innate response

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19
Q

What kind of receptors recognize common features of pathogens?

A

invariant receptors

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20
Q

Where are immature dendritic cells activated and matured at?

A

lymph

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21
Q

What are the major cells of innate immunity?

A 
macrophages
granulocytes (WBCs)
mast cells
dendritic cells
NK cells
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22
Q

What is NALT and its components?

A

nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue

*adenoids, tonsils

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23
Q

Are NK cells specific to one antigen?

A

NO - not specific

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24
Q

Can complement be activated in the absence of antibodies?

A

YES

25
Q

Which cells migrate into the lymph to initiate the adaptive immune response?

A

dendritic cells

26
Q

What is the primary response element to ingested pathogens? Where is it located?

A

Peyer’s patches; small intestine

27
Q

Viruses can originate from a ____ or a _____ based genome.

A

RNA; DNA

28
Q

When does the adapative immune response kick in?

A

after 96 hours

29
Q

Bacteria trigger _____ to release cytokines and chemokines.

A

macrophages

30
Q

_____ present antigens, phagocytose, induce inflammation and secrete signaling proteins. They are called the “scavengers” of the body.

A

Macrophages

31
Q

Infectious disease is actually infrequent because ____.

A

our innate immunity can handle most infections

32
Q

What are the mechanical barriers against infection?

A

tight junctions of epithelial cells, flow of air, mucus, cilia, tears

33
Q

What are the modes of transmission of an infection in an airway mucosal surface?

A

inhaled droplets or spores

34
Q

Which mucus layer of the gut is sterile?

A

inner mucus layer (rich in antimicrobials, free of bacteria)

35
Q

Complement first evolved as part of the ____ immune system.

A

innate

36
Q

What is GALT and its components?

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

*Peyer’s patches, appendix

37
Q

What must infectious agents overcome in order to establish an infection?

A

innate host defenses

38
Q

What is clonal selection of lymphocytes?

A

production of large amount of lymphocytes to expand numbers and reduce infection

39
Q

In local infection of tissues, which response agents are present?

A

complement, phagocytes, cyto/chemokines, NK cells; macrophages activated

40
Q

What bactericidal agents are produced by phagocytes?

A 
acids
superoxide, H2O2, radicals
nitric oxide
defensins, cationic proteins
lysozyme, acid hydrolases
lactoferrin, B-12 BP
41
Q

Which cells are used in both adaptive and innate immunity?

A

NK cells

42
Q

What causes pain in the inflammatory response?

A

when inflammatory cells move into the tissue and release inflammatory mediators

43
Q

Mature dendritic cells activate naive _____ in lymphoid organs.

A

T-cells

44
Q

What does the mucosal microbiota utilize for energy?

A

mucin glycoproteins

45
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

mucin glycoproteins, trefoil peptides, RELM-B

46
Q

The bone marrow is very important in innate immunity because ______.

A

all cellular elements of blood and immune system arise from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

47
Q

Does innate immunity increase with repeated exposure to a pathogen?

A

NO

48
Q

What does the outer mucus layer of the gut do?

A

degradation of materials in gut (degradation mucus)

49
Q

What agents is the infection cleared by?

A

specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation, and cytotoxic T-cells

50
Q

Adaptive immune responses are also known as _____.

A

acquired immune responses (confers lifelong immunity due to immunologic memory)

51
Q

Which immune cell releases granules containing histamine?

A

mast cells

52
Q

Does adaptive immunity memorize a pathogen?

A

YES (immunological memory)

53
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells in the peripheral tissue?

A

antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes

54
Q

What does it mean when chickenpox is said to be “regionally distributed?”

A

it occurs variably (legs only, arms only, all over, etc.)

55
Q

Which mucus layer of the gut is not sterile?

A

outer mucus layer (layer of food degradation)

56
Q

These WBCs are the most numerous in the body and are the most important in the innate immune response.

A

neutrophils

57
Q

After ______ of the epithelium, antimicrobials, phagocytes, and complement destroy invading pathogens.

A

penetration

58
Q

____ is utilized by the coronavirus to inject the viral RNA into host human cells.

A

ACE2

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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