Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Regulation of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Does a gene contain introns, exons, UTRs, and transcriptional control regions?

A

YES - ALL of these components (even non-coding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are DNA binding proteins reading the direct sequence?

A

NO; just reading their ability to interact with certain constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are the minor and major grooves of a DNA strand significant?

A

the grooves provide access to components of the nucleotide bases (located in the core)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patterns of DNA ____ are important for the control of gene expression.

A

methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does WISE bind to to prevent Wnt binding?

A

Lrp5/6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Initially, the activation of tooth development involves which two layers?

A

ectoderm and the mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The majority of DNA binding protein motifs function as ___ or ___.

A

dimers; tandem clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do both X-chromosomes and Y-chromosomes undergo recombination?

A

NO; Y-chromosomes do not undergo recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is beta-catenin kept at low levels inside the cell?

A

it is part of a degradation complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What contributes to the structure of the major and minor grooves?

A

C:G and A:T and how the keto- and hydrogen groups are arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are there so many levels of seemingly redundant controls in gene expression?

A

because gene expression is a tightly regulated process where the gene needs to be activated or deactivated at VERY specific times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___ and ___ and ___ are gene regulatory proteins that assist in the unwinding of DNA for transcriptional activity.

A

Mediators; DNA binding proteins; chromatin remodeling proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ is when your goal is to sequence every base in the organism’s genetic code and put it in the correct order.

A

Genome sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At what level of control do microRNAs operate at?

A

RNA degradation control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the levels of gene expression control?

A 
Transcriptional machinery
Intracellular hormone-receptor complexes
Intracellular second messengers
Gene + class specific transcription factors
Regulatory sequences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What level of control is DNA to RNA transcript?

A

transcriptional control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A _____ is when the gene products that are being produced regulate the expression of other genes.

A

hierarchical gene cluster of regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why was identifying genes on the Y-chromosome generally more difficult than identifying genes on the X-chromosome?

A

Y-chromosomes do not undergo recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At what level of control does the inactivation or activation of proteins occur?

A

post-translationally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is chromatin remodeling?

A

the opening up of the condensed DNA structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What level of control is the synthesis of protein from mRNA?

A

translation control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Wnt do in the Wnt/b-catenein pathway?

A

it binds to Lrp5/6, allowing the transcription of Tcf (transcription factor)
*potential to cause cancer if transcription allowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the sFRPs bind to to prevent Wnt binding?

A

Wnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do leucine zippers promote?

A

DNA binding and dimerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of modification level would the phosphorylation of pre-peptide hormones be at?

A

post-translational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does Frizzled bind to to prevent Wnt binding?

A

Wnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A ____ protein motif consists of 2 alpha-helices joined by a short stretch of amino acids.

A

helix-turn-helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 5 families of signal proteins present in animal growth and development?

A 
RTK (EGF, FGF)
TGF-beta (BMP, nodal)
Wnt
Hedgehog
Notch
29
Q

Prior to DNA sequencing, what was used to explore where a certain gene resided?

A

genetic linkage analysis

30
Q

What is the first order of condensation of DNA?

A

the “beads on a string” nucleosome structure

31
Q

What level of control is the creation of new mRNA?

A

RNA processing control

32
Q

What genetic material in the body undergoes recombination?

A

autosomes and X-chromsomes (because in females we have 2 X chromosomes)

33
Q

What is a segment of DNA called that is transcribed into RNA and its associated transcriptional control regions?

A

A gene

34
Q

What proteins would regulate gene expression by increasing the level of transcription?

A

activators and coactivators

35
Q

Beta-catenin levels are normally kept at very ___ levels inside the cell.

A

low

36
Q

Which DNA binding protein motif contains two leucine-rich proteins with alpha-helices and form a Y-shaped coil structure?

A

Leucine Zipper (both protein and DNA binding)

37
Q

What level of control is the maturation of mRNA into the cytosol?

A

RNA transport and localization control

38
Q

What is the first step in the activation of transcription at a specific promoter?

A

a gene activator protein binds to chromatin OR an inhibitor is removed from the complex

39
Q

What level of control is the activation or inactivation of proteins?

A

protein activity control

40
Q

A _____ protein motif is common in transcription factors and consists of alpha-helices bound by looping amino acid stretch.

A

helix-loop-helix

41
Q

At what level of control does the protein assembly complex, ribosomes, and charge tRNAs operate at?

A

translational control (post-transcriptional)

42
Q

Genes involved in tooth development are ___ and ___ restricted in their pattern of expression in order to result in the correct placement of the teeth and jaws.

A

spatially; regionally

43
Q

____ sequences are valuable in consumer gene sequencing (23andme, etc.).

A

Specific target

44
Q

Human gene names are ___ and ___; mouse gene names are ___ and ___.

A

capitalized and italicized; lowercase and italicized

45
Q

What level of control is the inactivation of mRNA?

A

mRNA degradation control (microRNA)

46
Q

What prevents DNA from folding up on itself or binding inappropriately after uncoiling?

A

histone modification enzymes

47
Q

What provides the proper hydrogen donors and acceptors and methyl groups to allow the receptor to bind to a certain region?

A

nuclear response element sequences

48
Q

Beta-catenin is considered a ____ of transcription because it _______.

A

coactivator; cannot transcribe itself, but allows Tcf to

49
Q

How is DNA read?

A

using DNA binding protein motifs, potential interactions (H and O), and nuclear response elements

50
Q

Why can we have these great distances between regulatory sequences and the start site of transcription in eukaryotes?

A

loops can actually place the regulatory sequences and start site right on top of each other

51
Q

What type of sequencing aims to only sequence the protein-coding regions called exons?

A

Exomic sequencing

52
Q

These enzymes function to modify DNA proteins associated with DNA.

A

histone acetylase and deacetylase

53
Q

Which DNA binding protein motif is distinguished by the presence of a bound zinc ion?

A

Zinc Finger Motifs

54
Q

In negative regulation, bound Lrp5/6 + Dkk1 + Kremen get ____ in the cytoplasm.

A

degraded (so Wnt cannot bind or do anything)

55
Q

When Wnt comes and binds to the Lrp5/6 + Frizzled complex, what happens?

A

beta-catenin is NO LONGER degraded and translocated into the nucleus where it binds with Tcf (transcription factors)

56
Q

DNA ____ a rigid linear structure.

A

IS NOT

57
Q

____ and ____ of histones turns the genes in DNA “off” and “on,” either allowing access for the transcription factors or blocking DNA access.

A

Methylation; demethylation

58
Q

There are multiple levels of control in gene expression. What are they?

A 
transcriptional control
RNA processing control
RNA transport/localization control
mRNA degradation control
translation control
protein activity control
59
Q

Can DNA regulatory sequences be found in the 5’ or 3’ ends or in introns?

A

YES

60
Q

A scientist wants to investigate which genes are being expressed in a certain tissue at this time. What type of sequencing would she use to determine the genes being expressed?

A

Transcriptomic sequencing (mRNA)

61
Q

What gene regulatory proteins would decrease or block gene transcription?

A

repressors and corepressors

62
Q

_____ binds to Lrp5/6 and prevents Wnt from binding.

A

Sclerostin

63
Q

The protein signaling that occurs back and forth between the ectoderm and the mesenchyme in early tooth development is called ____.

A

reciprocal induction

64
Q

What does the protein recognize and react with in the major and minor grooves of DNA?

A

potential interactions; whether or not there are hydrogen bond acceptors or donators or hydrogen atoms or methyl groups (NOT BASES)

65
Q

In prokaryotes, the DNA regulatory sequences are located ____ to the RNA polymerase II binding site; in eukaryotes, DNA regulatory sequences can be located ___ relative to start site of transcription.

A

very closely; great distances away

66
Q

What proteins prevent Wnt from binding and also regulate the Wnt/b-catenin pathway?

A

Sclerostin, sFRPs, WISE, (Dkk1 + Kremen), Frizzled

67
Q

What are transcription factors searching for using their side chains?

A

potential interactions that may be had between hydrogen and oxygen atoms

68
Q

In DNA, what reacts with the side chains of amino acids?

A

base moieties, such as the hydrogen and keto-groups

69
Q

Summarize the activation of transcription at a specific promoter.

A

gene activator protein&raquo_space; histone modification&raquo_space; activator proteins bound to gene regulatory region&raquo_space; RNA polymerase&raquo_space; assembly of initiation complex&raquo_space; transcription initiation

Biochemistry (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions